Table 1.

Determinants of VOC exposures in previous and the present studies.

Determinants	Benzene	Toluene	Ethylbenzene	m,p-Xylene	o-Xylene	MTBE	Styrene	1,4-DCB	TCE	PERC	Chloroform	CTC	d-Limonene	α-Pinene	β-Pinene
Personal activities
Contact with chlorinated water								m			A, C,M		M	M	M
Cooking	L	L, m	m		m						L
Cycling/walking		E	E	E	E
Keep pets											m				m
Near vehicle or engines	D, E, G	D	A, D, E	A, D, E	A, D, E		D			A
Polish/wax furniture				j	j			M
Pump gas/near gasoline	E, K, M	J.K	E, J, K, M	E, J, K, M	E, J, K, M	M
Renovate house		M											M
Smoke or near ETS	A, B, C, D, G, H, k	B, D, e, H	B, D, H	B, D, H	B, D, H		A, B, D
Stay in/presence of attached garages	F, G, H, J, K, M	F, H, J, M	F, G, H, J, K, M	F, H, J, K, M	F, H, J, K, M	H, M				H
Time spent at home		m					m
Time spent in closed cars									M
Undertake arts and crafts		E	E	E	E
Use air cleaning devices				M	M							M
Use deodorizers and mothballs								A, C, H				m
Use gas heating/gas stove	D, G, M	D.j	D	D	D	D	D						M
Use paint and other solvents	H	H, K	G, H, K, M	H, J, K, M	H,J, K						K
Use perfume						m
Visit dry-cleaner or near dry-cleaned clothes										A, C, H, K, M
Socioeconomic factors
Age											i, k
City/region*	1, m	1	1, m	1, m		m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Education/parental education	k				1			k
Non-Hispanic white	h, k	h	h	h	h	h		h, k			h, i, k
Male	K		K	K	K						k
Machine-related jobs/work in a factory	H	H	G, H	H	H
Ownership of the house											m
Unemployed										m			M
Environmental factors
AER		m	m	m	m					m	m		m	m	m
Ambient RH										m	m				m
Furniture refinisher in neighborhood								M
Existence of a fireplace							G					M
Existence of a swim pool											H, 1			M
Existence of a well/use well water									M		h	m
Indoor temperature	m								m
Live in an apartment/mobile home	L										1
Near commercial street/highway						H		H		H
Number of floors	m					m
Number of rooms	m						m	m			m		m	m
Open windows/doors	f, h, j, k	f, h, j, k	f, h	f, h	f, h, m	f	f, m	f, m		f, h	f, h, i, k		f	f	f
Restaurants or bakery in neighborhood								M	m
Vinyl, asbestos or other siding									M
Wind speed	m		m	m	m	m				m
Years lived in home	h	h	h	h	h

A, Wallace et al. (1989); b, Edwards et al. (2001); c, Wallace (2001); d, Kim et al. (2002); e, Hinwood et al. (2007); f, Sexton et al. (2007); g, Delgado-Saborit et al. (2009); h, D’Souza et al. (2009); i, Riederer et al. (2009); j, Symanski et al. (2009); k, Wang et al. (2009); 1, Byun et al. (2010); m, the present study.

Capital letters indicate increased exposure, and lower case indicates decreased exposure; *, no increasing or decreasing trends.

MTBE, methyl tert-butyl ether; 1,4-DCB, 1,4-dichlorobenzene; TCE, trichloroethylene; PERC, tetrachloroethene; CTC, carbon tetrachloride.