Table 5.
Predictors of CAN in the studied population.
| Presence of CAN | Absence of CAN | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female/male (%) | 65.2/34.8 | 48.6/51.4 | 0.059 |
| Caucasian/not Caucasian (%) | 39.1/60.9 | 56.2/47.6 | 0.284 |
| Age (years) | 37.5 ± 12.7 | 31.6 ± 12.8 | 0.010 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 19.9 ± 9 | 16.4 ± 10.1 | 0.137 |
| T1D duration (years) | 18.5 ± 8.7 | 15.3 ± 9.8 | 0.051 |
| T1D duration (<5/5–10/10–20/>20 years) (%) | 4.4/15.2/39.1/41.3 | 11.4/23.8/44.7/37.6 | 0.036 |
| Smokers, yes (%) | 10.9 | 5.7 | 0.434 |
| Alcohol consumption, yes (%) | 19.6 | 16.2 | 0.631 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 22.7 (16.7–37.9) | 23.6 (13.7–33.6) | 0.505 |
| Overweight/obesity, yes (%) | 30.4 | 37.1 | 0.464 |
| sBP (mmHg) | 127.6 ± 19.7 | 123.3 ± 14.9 | 0.145 |
| dBP (mmHg) | 76.3 ± 10.4 | 74.5 ± 10.5 | 0.345 |
| Hypertension, yes (%) | 41.3 | 16.2 | 0.001 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 87.3 ± 15.6 | 76.1 ± 11.1 | 0.000 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 78 ± 9.6 | 80.6 ± 9.8 | 0.140 |
| Fasting glycemia (mg/dl) | 154 (44–364) | 132 (24–548) | 0.418 |
| Postprandial glycemia (mg/dl) | 240.2 ± 103.6 | 204.8 ± 96.5 | 0.056 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 8.9 ± 2.2 | 0.048 |
| HbA1c <7%, n (%) | 1 (2.2) | 18 (17.1) | 0.011 |
| Urea (mg/dl) | 34 (4–85) | 27 (14–60) | 0.000 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.52–2.68) | 0.96 (0.44–1.45) | 0.008 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 0.055 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 190 (117–330) | 171 (110–193) | 0.051 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 79 (37–320) | 79 (32–507) | 0.539 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 65 (39.4–165.8) | 62.9 (32.7–112.2) | 0.563 |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 99.1 ± 25.2 | 89.7 ± 26.6 | 0.048 |
| Dyslipidemia, yes (%) | 45.7 | 29.5 | 0.055 |
| CRP (mg/dl) | 0.2 (0.01–4.33) | 0.13 (0.01–3.4) | 0.523 |
| CRP (<1/1–3/>3 mg/dl), (%) | 77.3/18.2/4.5 | 85.1/8.9/5.9 | 0.275 |
| TSH (μUI/ml) | 2.34 (1.35–6.93) | 1.66 (0.32–5.61) | 0.134 |
| Free T4 (μUI/ml) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.023 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.7 ± 1.6 | 13.4 ± 1.5 | 0.010 |
| Urinary albumin concentration (mg/dl) | 15.5 (1.77–152.3) | 8.1 (0.1–257.3) | 0.000 |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 86.8 ± 38.6 | 109.9 ± 35.8 | 0.000 |
| Abnormal GFR (<60 ml/min/1.73 m2) (%) | 19.6 | 5.7 | 0.009 |
| Retinopathy, yes (%) | 76.7 | 29.4 | 0.000 |
| Nephropathy, yes (%) | 47.7 | 13.9 | 0.000 |
| Neuropathy, yes (%) | 58.7 | 16.2 | 0.000 |
| Coronary artery disease, yes (%) | 6.5 | 3.8 | 0.757 |
| Hypothyroidism, yes (%) | 8.7 | 9.5 | 0.872 |
T1D, type 1 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; sBP, systolic blood pressure; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone.
Values are presented as mean ± SD and median (minimum–maximum).