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Apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of gemcitabine and its amino acid ester prodrugs in the apical-to-basolateral direction across Caco-2 monolayer with the presence and the absence of Gly-Pro (mean ± SD, n = 3). *p < 0.05, the apparent permeability coefficient of gemcitabine prodrugs is compared with gemcitabine. **p < 0.05, the apparent permeability coefficient of gemcitabine and gemcitabine prodrugs is compared with one of the same drug with the presence of Gly-Pro.
