Genetic predisposition |
Renal hemodynamic changes [37] |
ACE genetic polymorphism [38] |
Vasoactive hormones |
MTH-FR genetic polymorphism [38] |
Systemic and intraglomerular pressure |
AGT genetic polymorphism [39] |
Activation of RAAS |
Apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphism [40] |
Oxidative stress [41] |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) |
Aldose reductase (ALR2) genetic polymorphism [42] |
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
Genetic locus 10p15.3, 7q21.3, 18q22.3, 14q23.1 [43] |
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) |
Inflammatory reaction [44] |
Abnormal glucose metabolism [45] |
C-reactive protein (CRP) [46] |
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation |
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) |
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) |
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP 1) |
Hexosamine pathways increased |
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) |
Polyol pathway flux increased |
Cytokine |
Protein kinase C (PKC) activation |
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) [47] |
Renal lipid accumulation |
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF) [48] |
Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [49] |
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [50] |
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) [51] |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [52] |