Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Type 2 diabetes | Control | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 44) | (n = 44) | ||
| Clinical variables | |||
| Age (years) | 60.6 ± 13.8 | 58.4 ± 11.4 | 0.353 |
| Male | 24 (54.5%) | 22 (50.0%) | 0.674 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 4.4 | 22.6 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.8 ± 16.8 | 118.3 ± 13.4 | 0.048 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.2 ± 9.4 | 71.6 ± 9.7 | 0.204 |
| Smoking | 24 (54.5%) | 20 (45.5%) | 0.400 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 12.5 ± 12.0 | N/A | |
| Retinopathy | 14 (31.8%) | N/A | |
| Nephropathy | 18 (40.9%) | N/A | |
| Autonomic neuropathy | 7 (15.9%) | N/A | |
| CAD | 9 (20.5%) | N/A | |
| Laboratory variables | |||
| FPG (mg/dl) | 170.3 ± 49.5 | 89.7 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 10.0 ± 1.6 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 228.1 ± 246.0 | 88.2 ± 38.9 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 44.5 ± 12.4 | 54.8 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 115.9 ± 40.0 | 129.4 ± 27.4 | 0.0069 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.66 ± 0.22 | 0.64 ± 0.14 | 0.597 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 0.596 |
| Potassium (mEq/l) | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 0.074 |
| Medications | |||
| ACE-I/ARB | 16 (36.4%) | N/A | |
| CCB | 13 (29.5%) | N/A | |
| β blocker | 5 (11.4%) | N/A | |
| Other antihypertensive drugs | 8 (18.2%) | N/A | |
| Sulphonylurea | 19 (43.2%) | N/A | |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor | 19 (43.2%) | N/A | |
| Biguanide | 16 (36.4%) | N/A | |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 14 (31.8%) | N/A | |
| Insulin | 8 (18.2%) | N/A | |
| Other antidiabetic drugs | 6 (13.6%) | N/A | |
| Statin | 14 (31.8%) | N/A | |
| Fibrate | 2 (4.5%) | N/A | |
| Electrocardiographic variables | |||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 74.2 ± 15.5 | 61.0 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
| V1S + V5R (mV) | 2.37 ± 0.58 | 2.14 ± 0.68 | 0.093 |
| QTc mean (ms) | 413.6 ± 18.5 | 408.3 ± 22.7 | 0.229 |
| QT dispersion (ms) | 41.8 ± 15.4 | 28.7 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
| QTc dispersion (ms) | 45.9 ± 16.3 | 28.8 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Tpeak-Tend in V5 (ms) | 83.6 ± 13.6 | 71.3 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
BMI = body mass index, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, CAD = coronary artery disease, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, CCB = calcium channel blocker, DPP-4 inhibitor = dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. QTc = corrected QT (by Bazett’s formula), N/A= not applicable. Values are means ± SD or absolute numbers (frequency percentages).