Figure 4.

Subgroup analyses. Forest plot of standardized mean differences (SMD) of the effects of subgroups β-blockers on platelet aggregation. The effect estimates and CI of each subgroup are indicated by the diamonds. Subgroups are as follows: selective (metoprolol and atenolol); nonselective (propranolol, labetalol, timolol and carvedilol); lipophilic (propranolol, labetalol, timolol, metoprolol and carvedilol); nonlipophilic (atenolol); healthy subjects; diseased subjects (hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes or previous myocardial infarction); short-term treatment (<1 week); and long-term treatment (>1 week)