Table 2.
Redox signalling pathways in human neurodegenerative diseases
| Diagnosis | Signalling pathways examined | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| MCI | LPO | 89 |
| MCI | MDA | 87 |
| MCI | MDA, GPx, catalase | 85 |
| MCI | SOD, GPx, MDA | 95 |
| MCI | MDA, nitrite and nitrate, GSSG | 86 |
| MCI | 3-NT | 91 |
| MCI | Protein carbonyl | 153 |
| MCI | 4-HNE | 90 |
| MCI | Protein carbonyl, TBARS, MDA | 84 |
| MCI | Vitamins A, C and E, uric acid, SOD, GPx | 94 |
| MCI | 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI | 88 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | MDA | 87 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | MDA, GPx, catalase | 85 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | SOD, GPx, MDA | 95 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | MDA, nitrite and nitrate, GSSG | 86 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | iNOS, eNOS, nNOS, p53, UCP2,4,5, mitochondrial complexes I–V, PPARα, δ, γ | 124 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 3-NT | 154 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Protein carbonyl, TBARS, MDA | 84 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 8-OH-adenine, 5-OH-cytosine, 5-OH-uracil, 8-OH-guanine | 155 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 3-NT | 156 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Vitamin A, C and E, uric acid, SOD, GPx | 94 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI | 88 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | p-p38 | 123 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 8-OHdG | 157 |
| Parkinson’s disease | p-p38, p-JNK | 144 |
| Parkinson’s disease | NF-κB | 152 |
| Parkinson’s disease | p-Src, p-HSP27, p-JNK | 158 |
| Parkinson’s disease | Glutathione reductase | 159 |
| Parkinson’s disease | TBARS | 160 |
| Parkinson’s disease | p-ERK1/2, p-p38, p-JNK | 140 |
3-NT, 3-nitrotyrosine; 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI, isoprostane; 8-OHdG, 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; GPx, glutathione peroxidise; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPO, lipid hydroperoxide; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MDA, malondialdehyde; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; p-ERK, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase; p-HSP27, phospho-heat shock protein 27; p-JNK, phospho-c-jun N-terminal kinase; p-p38, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; p-Src, phospho-proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase; p53, tumour suppressor protein; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; UCP, uncoupling protein.