Table 1.

Pharmacodynamic effects of loperamide by co-administered drug

Period	Co-administered drug	Dose, mg	Number of subjects	AUEC of change in pupil diameter (mm*h)	AUEC of alertness score (VAS score*h)	AUEC of oxygen saturation (%*h)
1	None	NA	18	−19.7 ± 26.7	944.7 ± 694.7	4684.5 ± 27.1
2	Quinidine	600	18	−44.4 ± 35.3†	945.7 ± 619.2	4698.9 ± 31.5†
3	HM30181	15	6	−24.2 ± 32.3	767.8 ± 309.5	4711.9 ± 20.6
		60	6	1.4 ± 13.4	794.6 ± 832.8	4713.0 ± 24.3
		180	6	−11.4 ± 13.2	1166.0 ± 701.9	4717.5 ± 39.2
		All	18	−11.4 ± 23.0*	909.4 ± 641.9	4714.1 ± 27.5*,†

Data are mean ± SD. AUEC (the area under the effect–time curve),

^*P < 0.05 vs. quinidine co-administration;

^†P < 0.05 vs. loperamide alone.