Table 4.

Model-Based Estimation of ESL Placement Effect on Academic Outcomes among Language Minority Students

	College Preparatory Enrollment			Academic Achievement
	Math N=2352	Science N=2352	Social Science N=2352	Math IRT Score N=1950	Cumulative GPA N=2349
Fixed Effect
Non-ESL Placement
Student Intercept
Coefficient	0.53	1.06	−1.90	50.33	3.03
SE	0.73	0.71	0.81	4.86	0.26
t	0.73	1.50	−2.35	10.36	11.77
ESL Placement Effect
Coefficient	−0.21	−0.55	−0.40	−0.42	−0.18
SE	0.21	0.24	0.26	1.89	0.08
t	−1.03	−2.25	−1.54	−0.22	−2.35
Random Effect
School Mean Intercept	(df=521)	(df=521)	(df=521)	(df=488)	(df=520)
Variance	1.03	0.94	1.54	64.35	0.12
X2	912.53***	921.63***	932.41***	1278.91***	108.38***
Level-1 Effect
Variance				154.90	0.51

^*p≤.05;

^**p≤.01;

^***p≤.001

Note: For brevity, coefficients representing ten of the eleven propensity strata, the logit of the propensity score, and ESL school are not shown.

Source: ELS Base Year and First Follow-Up Transcript Component