Table 1. Characteristics of included studies on the effect of CPAP or MADs on depression in patients with OSA.
| Study | Number of Participants | Mean Age (Years)/Percent Male | Mean AHI (Events/h)+ | OSA Treatment Method | Mean Adherence in Treatment Arm (h/Night) | Control | Mean Adherence in Control Arm (h/Night or Percent of Nights) | Depression Scale(s) (Mean Score) | Length of Trial (Weeks) |
| Amin et al. 2011 [30] | 18 | 42/100 | 19 | CPAP | 4.4 | Sham CPAP | 4.4 | SF-36 MCS (32.4) | 3 |
| Bardwell et al. 2007* # [31] | 38 | 45.9/87 | RDI: 62.3 | CPAP | 6.3 | Sham CPAP | 6.0 | BSI (0.29) | 2 |
| Barnes et al. 2002 [32] | 42 | 45.5/83 | 12.9 | CPAP | 3.5 | Oral placebo | 93% | BDI, SF-36 MH (72.5) | 8 |
| Barnes et al. 2004 [33] | 114 | 47/80 | 21.3 | CPAP and MAD | CPAP: 3.6; MAD: 5.5 | Oral placebo | 94% | BDI (9.2) | 12 |
| Blanco et al. 2005 [34] | 24 | 54.3/83 | 28.9 | MAD | 7.7 | Sham MAD | 6.5 | SF-36 MH (60.1) | 12 |
| Craig et al. 2012 [35] | 391 | 57.8/78 | ODI: 9.8 | CPAP | 2.3 | Standard care | NR | SF-36 MCS (48.2) | 24 |
| Diaferia et al. 2013 [36] | 51 | 44.8/100 | 31.3 | CPAP | 3.6 | Sham exercises | NR | SF-36 MH | 12 |
| Engleman et al. 1998 [37] | 23 | 47/91 | 43 | CPAP | 3.2 | Oral placebo | NR | HADSd (5.7) | 4 |
| Engleman et al. 1999 [38] | 34 | 44/62 | 10 | CPAP | 3.2 | Oral placebo | NR | HADSd (7.4), SF-36 | 4 |
| Haensel et al. 2007 [39] | 50 | 48.6/80 | 61 | CPAP | 6.6 | Sham CPAP | 6 | POMSd (7.2) | 2 |
| Henke et al. 2001 [40] | 46 | 50.4/54 | 65.1 | CPAP | 5.9 | Sham CPAP | 5.2 | GDS | 1.9–5.4 |
| Jenkinson et al. 1999* [41] | 101 | 49&/100 | ODI: 30.7 | CPAP | 5.4 | Sham CPAP | 4.6 | SF-36 MH (71) | 4 |
| Lam et al. 2007 [42] | 101 | 46/78 | 21.4 | CPAP and MAD | CPAP: 4.2; MAD: 6.4 | Standard Care | NR | SF-36 (12.6) | 10 |
| Lee et al. 2012* # [43] | 71 | 48.3/66 | 34 | CPAP | NR | Sham CPAP | NR | POMSd (12.5), CESD, BSI | 3 |
| Marshall et al. 2005# [44] | 31 | 50.5/76 | 21.6 | CPAP | 4.9 | Sham CPAP | 4.9 | HADS (4.2), SF-36 | 3 |
| Montserrat et al. 2001 [45] | 48 | 54.2/91 | 53.8 | CPAP | 4.3 | Sham CPAP | 4.5 | SF-36 MH (71.83) | 6 |
| Naismith et al. 2005# [46] | 86 | 48.4/81 | 26.9 | MAD | 6.7 | Sham MAD | 6.7 | BDI (5.8), POMSd | 4 |
| Petri et al. 2008 [47] | 93 | 50/83 | 34.7 | MAD | NR | Sham MAD | NR | SF-36 MH (71) | 4 |
| Redline et al. 1998$ [48] | 97 | 48.7/52 | RDI: 13.1 | CPAP | 3.1 | Standard care | 82% | POMSd (7.3) | 10 |
| Ryan et al. 2011 [49] | 48 | 61.8/79 | 35.9 | CPAP | 5.0 | Standard care | NR | BDI (5.8) | 4 |
| Sandberg et al. 2001 [50] | 63 | 77.5/46 | 28 | CPAP | 4.1 | Standard care | NR | MADRS (21) | 4 |
| Siccoli et al. 2008 [51] | 102 | 48.4/100 | ODI: 42.3 | CPAP | 4.7 | Sham CPAP | 3.9 | SF-36 MH (72.6) | 4 |
| Smith et al. 2007 [52] | 26 | 61/88 | 36 | CPAP | 3.5 | Sham CPAP | 3.3 | SF-36 MH (78) | 6 |
| Yu et al. 1999* $ [53] | 34 | 48.2/76 | RDI: 40.6 | CPAP | 5.6 | Sham CPAP | 5.2 | POMSd (12.5) | 1 |
Unless otherwise indicated, studies did not report medication or antidepressant use at baseline. No studies reported whether antidepressants were initiated during the course of the study. Cutoffs for depression scales: SF-36 MCS, <42; SF-36 MH, <52; BSI depression subscale, >0.28; BDI, >14; HADSd, >8, POMSd, >2.
+
For ODI, the events were oxygen desaturations of 4% or greater.
*Depression was a primary outcome.
#
Study excluded use of psychotropics including antidepressants at baseline.
&
Median age.
$
Excluded use of benzodiazepines but not antidepressants.
NR, not reported.