LanCL2 binds mTOR and facilitates Akt phosphorylation by mTORC2. (A) HepG2 cells were transfected with FLAG-tagged LanCL2, and FLAG IP was carried out 48 h after transfection. (B and C) HepG2 cells were infected with lentiviruses expressing a control shRNA (“C”), rictor shRNA (“ric”), or mTOR shRNA (“M”) for 2 d; this was followed by puromycin selection for 2 d. Cells were then transfected with FLAG-tagged LanCL2, and FLAG IP was carried out 48 h after transfection. (D) HepG2 cells were infected with lentiviruses expressing control shRNA or LanCL2 shRNA (“L”) and selected by puromycin. Cells were then transfected with HA-Akt, and HA IP was carried out 48 h after transfection. (E) Endogenous raptor and rictor were immunoprecipitated from HepG2 cells and subjected to mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinase assays, using GST-S6K1 and His-Akt as substrates, respectively. Phosphorylation at Thr-389-S6K1 or Ser-473-Akt was detected as a readout of the kinase activity. Purified His-LanCL2 (5 μg) was added before the kinase assay in the indicated samples. (F) HEK293 cells were transfected with FLAG-LanCL2 or an empty vector; this was followed by FLAG IP and Western analysis.