Table 4.
Regression estimates (elasticities)of full model (OLS).
| SWEDEN | ICELAND | NORWAY | USA | CANADA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| e | p | e | p | e | p | e | p | e | p | |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Elite/upper middle class | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| Skilled workers | 0.109 | 0.000 | -0.056 | 0.300 | 0.064 | 0.000 | 0.132 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.000 |
| Farmers | 0.108 | 0.000 | 0.068 | 0.104 | 0.083 | 0.000 | 0.328 | 0.000 | 0.234 | 0.000 |
| Lower skilled workers | 0.122 | 0.000 | -0.006 | 0.883 | 0.077 | 0.000 | 0.159 | 0.000 | 0.104 | 0.000 |
| Unskilled workers | 0.100 | 0.000 | -0.038 | 0.435 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.236 | 0.000 | 0.156 | 0.000 |
| NA | 0.042 | 0.000 | 0.101 | 0.026 | -0.031 | 0.013 | 0.122 | 0.000 | 0.047 | 0.102 |
| Age of woman | ||||||||||
| 15-19 | -0.567 | 0.000 | -0.560 | 0.000 | -0.517 | 0.000 | -0.366 | 0.000 | -0.666 | 0.000 |
| 20-24 | -0.124 | 0.000 | -0.131 | 0.019 | -0.127 | 0.000 | 0.222 | 0.000 | -0.035 | 0.159 |
| 25-29 | 0.139 | 0.000 | 0.086 | 0.057 | 0.109 | 0.000 | 0.286 | 0.000 | 0.195 | 0.000 |
| 30-34 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| 35-39 | -0.256 | 0.000 | -0.111 | 0.007 | -0.226 | 0.000 | -0.326 | 0.000 | -0.340 | 0.000 |
| 40-44 | -0.668 | 0.000 | -0.551 | 0.000 | -0.611 | 0.000 | -0.732 | 0.000 | -0.767 | 0.000 |
| 45-49 | -1.279 | 0.000 | -1.150 | 0.000 | -1.194 | 0.000 | -1.180 | 0.000 | -1.288 | 0.000 |
| 50-54 | -1.573 | 0.000 | -1.361 | 0.000 | -1.508 | 0.000 | -1.353 | 0.000 | -1.501 | 0.000 |
| Age difference between spouses | ||||||||||
| Wife older | 0.048 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.148 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.369 |
| Husband 0-2 older | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| Husband 3-6 older | -0.022 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.779 | -0.023 | 0.000 | -0.009 | 0.021 | -0.020 | 0.162 |
| Husband>6 older | -0.093 | 0.000 | -0.037 | 0.248 | -0.100 | 0.000 | -0.076 | 0.000 | -0.078 | 0.000 |
| Children>4 years in household | ||||||||||
| No | -0.293 | 0.000 | -0.216 | 0.000 | -0.386 | 0.000 | -0.383 | 0.000 | -0.423 | 0.000 |
| Yes | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| Household status | ||||||||||
| Head Family | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| Lodger | -0.184 | 0.000 | -0.766 | 0.000 | -0.583 | 0.000 | -0.439 | 0.000 | -0.387 | 0.000 |
| Woman employed | ||||||||||
| No | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| Yes | -0.170 | 0.000 | -0.021 | 0.536 | -0.143 | 0.000 | -0.248 | 0.000 | -0.154 | 0.000 |
| Community characteristics: | ||||||||||
| FLFP unmarried | ||||||||||
| Low | 0.016 | 0.000 | -0.050 | 0.074 | 0.011 | 0.016 | -0.001 | 0.872 | 0.020 | 0.149 |
| Medium | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| High | -0.046 | 0.000 | -0.030 | 0.349 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.793 |
| Teachers/100 Children 7-14 | ||||||||||
| Low | 0.006 | 0.051 | 0.047 | 0.099 | 0.002 | 0.721 | 0.010 | 0.053 | 0.012 | 0.360 |
| Medium | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| High | -0.003 | 0.358 | -0.029 | 0.327 | -0.034 | 0.000 | -0.014 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.261 |
| Prop. Employed in agriculture | ||||||||||
| Low | -0.028 | 0.000 | -0.010 | 0.722 | -0.032 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.055 | 0.009 |
| Medium | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| High | -0.011 | 0.006 | 0.035 | 0.281 | -0.020 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.425 | -0.012 | 0.370 |
| Migrant Status | ||||||||||
| Both migrants | -0.014 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.755 | 0.120 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.010 | ||
| Wife mig. & husband non-mig. | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0.001 | -0.003 | 0.537 | -0.023 | 0.340 | ||
| Wife non-mig. & husband mig. | 0.008 | 0.046 | 0.006 | 0.282 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.027 | 0.152 | ||
| Both non-migrants | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||
| Proportion migrants | ||||||||||
| Low | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.000 | 0.087 | 0.000 | ||
| Medium | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||
| High | -0.045 | 0.000 | -0.049 | 0.000 | -0.075 | 0.000 | -0.054 | 0.001 | ||
| Child-woman ratio | ||||||||||
| Low | -0.154 | 0.000 | -0.245 | 0.000 | -0.068 | 0.000 | -0.176 | 0.000 | -0.221 | 0.000 |
| Medium | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||||
| High | 0.138 | 0.000 | 0.291 | 0.000 | 0.103 | 0.000 | 0.275 | 0.000 | 0.290 | 0.000 |
| R2 | 0.285 | 0.291 | 0.290 | 0.218 | 0.261 | |||||
Note: P-values are based on robust standard errors. Elasticities indicate the proportional change in number of children compared to the reference category.
Source: As for Table 1.