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Cytokine treatment increased astrocytic aerobic metabolism. Primary astrocytes from 13-month-old rat brains were cultured on Seahorse XF-96 plates. Effects of (A) IL-1β and (B) TNFα on oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Different concentrations of IL-1β and TNFα are indicated in the figure. (C) Increases in mitochondrial biogenesis by inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, 100 ng mL−1; TNFα, 50 ng mL−1) were determined by the ratio of COX3/18SrDNA assayed by real-time PCR. *P < 0.05.
