Table 2.

Effect of AMPK activation on renal gene expression in mice fed STD, HFD, or HFD + AICAR

	STD	HFD	HFD + AICAR
Profibrotic markers
TGF-β1	1.00 ± 0.11	1.67 ± 0.12*	0.52 ± 0.28#
Collagen type 1	1.00 ± 0.11	1.45 ± 0.19	0.64 ± 0.24#
Collagen type IV	1.00 ± 0.16	1.34 ± 0.09	0.45 ± 0.29#
Proinflammatory markers
MCP-1	1.00 ± 0.14	2.10 ± 0.28*	0.72 ± 0.34#
TNF-α	1.00 ± 0.20	2.28 ± 0.43*	0.97 ± 0.29#

Abbreviations: AICAR, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside; HFD, high-fat diet; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; STD, standard diet; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on renal tissue in mice fed a STD, a HFD, or HFD + AICAR, each sample was normalized against β-actin.

Statistical analyses were performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Newman–Keuls,

^*P ≤ 0.05 versus mice on STD and

^#P ≤ 0.05 versus mice on HFD.

Values are means ±s.e.m. n = 6 in each group.