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Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine actions of leptin. Leptin circulating at high levels in obesity impacts breast cancer initiation and progression in an endocrine manner. Leptin secreted by adipocytes and fibroblasts resident in breast tumor microenvironment acts on breast cancer cells in a paracrine fashion. Leptin produced by breast cancer cells supports tumor proliferation and invasion into the surrounding tissue through a short autocrine loop.
