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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Cancer Res. 2014;124:171–211. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-411638-2.00005-7

Table 3.

Representative fluorescence contrast agents used for real-time image-guided surgery.

Agent λ em a Tumor targeting Applications References
ICG 820 nm EPR effect SLNM in breast, skin, cervical cancer
Tumor imaging in HCC
Reconstructive surgery		 (Hutteman, M., Choi, H. S., Mieog, J. S., van der Vorst, J. R., Ashitate, Y., Kuppen, P. J. et al., 2011; Hutteman, M., van der Vorst, J. R., Gaarenstroom, K. N., Peters, A. A., Mieog, J. S., Schaafsma, B. E. et al., 2012; Lee, B. T., Hutteman, M., Gioux, S., Stockdale, A., Lin, S. J., Ngo, L. H. et al., 2010; Troyan, S. L., Kianzad, V., Gibbs-Strauss, S. L., Gioux, S., Matsui, A., Oketokoun, R., et al., 2009; Verbeek, F. P., van der Vorst, J. R., Schaafsma, B. E., Hutteman, M., Bonsing, B. A., van Leeuwen, F. W. et al., 2012)
Fluorescein 520 nm EPR effect Image guided resection of glioblastoma (Shinoda, J., Yano, H., Yoshimura, S., Okumura, A., Kaku, Y., Iwama, T. et al., 2003)
Methylene Blue 680 nm EPR effect SLNM Insulinoma (Varghese, P., Abdel-Rahman, A. T., Akberali, S., Mostafa, A., Gattuso, J. M. and Carpenter, R, 2008; Winer, J. H., Choi, H. S., Gibbs-Strauss, S. L., Ashitate, Y., Colson, Y. L. and Frangioni, J. V., 2010)
5-ALA 635 nm Porphyrin expression Glioma resection Glioma grade biomarker (Stummer, W., Pichlmeier, U., Meinel, T., Wiestler, O. D., Zanella, F. and Reulen, H. J., 2006; Valdes, P. A., Leblond, F., Kim, A., Harris, B. T., Wilson, B. C, Fan, X. et al., 2011)
LS 301 780 nm
820 nm		 Redox potential Tumor visualizatio
Tumor margin assessment		 (Liu, Y., Akers, W. J., Bauer, A. Q., Mondal, S., Gullicksrud, K., Sudlow, G. P. et al., 2013; Liu, Y., Bauer, A. Q., Akers, W. J., Sudlow, G., Liang, K., Shen, D., et al., 2011; Liu, Y., Njuguna, R, Matthews, T., Akers, W. J., Sudlow, G. P., Mondal, S. et al., 2013; Liu, Y., Zhao, Y. M., Akers, W., Tang, Z. Y., Fan, J., Sun, H. C. et al., 2013; Mondal, S. B., Gao, S., Zhu, N., Liu, Y., Sudlow, G. P., Akers, W. J., et al., 2014)

EPR, enhanced permeability and retention.

a

Peak fluorescence emission wavelength