Figure 2.

Path analysis depicting lagged, contemporaneous and indirect effects between parenting and externalizing behavior. The figure is the same as shown in Figure 1 with the addition of paths that tests alternative model #1 and alternative model #2. Alternative model #1 adds paths from maternal sensitivity in early childhood and middle childhood to adolescent self-control at age 15. Alternative model #2 adds a path from productive activity in early adolescence to maternal monitoring at age 15. Standardized parameter estimates. ** p < .01. * p < .05.