Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for hypospadias cases and controls.

	Cases		Controls
Characteristic	N	%	N	%	P-value
Maternal age					<0.01
<20	108	10.9	1,885	11.8
20-24	219	22.0	4,295	26.8
25-29	274	27.6	4,263	26.6
30-34	250	25.1	3,623	22.6
35+	144	14.5	1,946	12.2
Maternal race/ethnicity					<0.01
Non-Hispanic white	701	70.5	9,426	58.9
Non-Hispanic black	213	21.4	3,600	22.5
Hispanic	56	5.6	2,316	14.5
Other race	25	2.5	671	4.2
Smoking					0.19
No	886	89.1	14,026	87.7
Yes	109	11.0	1,976	12.4
Previous live births					<0.01
No	490	49.3	6,590	41.2
Yes	505	50.7	9,415	58.8
Diabetes					0.40
No	965	97.0	15,600	97.4
Yes	30	3.0	413	2.6
Maternal education					<0.01
Less than high school	158	15.9	3,619	22.7
High school	280	28.3	4,583	28.7
More than high school	553	55.8	7,769	48.6