Table 2.
Age and multivariatea adjusted associations between categories of coffee intake and abnormal levelsb of ALT, AST, ALP and GGT, NHANES (1999–2010).
| coffee, cupc /day | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abnormal levels of liver enzymeb | 0 | <1 | 1–<2 | 2–<3 | 3+ | p trend |
| ALT | ||||||
| N (%) | 1560 (11.8) | 481 (11.5) | 535 (10.6) | 254 (10.2) | 209 (8.6) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| age adjusted | ref | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | 0.0003 |
| multivariate adjusted | ref | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.06) | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | 0.0002 |
| AST | ||||||
| N (%) | 1534 (10.8) | 473 (11.0) | 554 (10.5) | 269 (10.5) | 247 (9.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| age adjusted | ref | 1.01 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | 0.17 |
| multivariate adjusted | ref | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) | 0.03 |
| ALP | ||||||
| N (%) | 668 (4.5) | 230 (4.4) | 242 (4.2) | 110 (3.4) | 93 (3.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| age adjusted | ref | 0.77 (0.61, 0.99) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.96) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.80) | 0.68 (0.51, 0.90) | <0.0001 |
| multivariate adjusted | ref | 0.73 (0.58, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.03) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.93) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.95) | 0.002 |
| GGT | ||||||
| N (%) | 1484 (10.1) | 516 (10.9) | 571 (10.4) | 295 (10.5) | 218 (8.1) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| age adjusted | ref | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.68 (0.57, 0.81) | <0.0001 |
| multivariate adjusted | ref | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.69 (0.57, 0.83) | 0.0005 |
Adjusted for age (20–34, 35–49, 50–64, 65–85 yr), gender (male, female), race and ethnicity (Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, other), education (less than 9th grade, 9–11th grade, high school/GED, some college or AA degree, college and higher), smoking status (Never, former, current smoker with <1 pck/d, current smoker with 1+ pck/d, missing), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, <1, 1–<3, 3–<7 drink/week, 1–<2, 2+ drink/day, missing), day of recall (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday), hepatitis B (positive serum hepatitis B surface antigen and core antibody, negative) and hepatitis C (positive serum hepatitis C antibody, negative).
Defined as >47 IU/L in men or >30 IU/L in women for ALT, >33 IU/L in men and women for AST, >113 IU/L in men and women for ALP and >65 IU/L in men or >36 IU/L in women for GGT
one cup is defined as 10 oz, or 283.5 grams of coffee.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transaminase; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval