Table 3.
Age and multivariatea adjusted serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and GGT, by categories of coffee, NHANES (1999–2010).
| coffee, cupb /day | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | <1 | 1–<2 | 2–<3 | 3+ | p trend | |
| Coffee intake, gram, median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 222 (177–250) | 385 (355–502) | 710 (607–742) | 1184 (1005–1509) | |
| ALT, U/L | ||||||
| median (IQR) | 21 (16–29) | 20 (16–28) | 21 (16–28) | 22 (17–29) | 21 (17–29) | |
| Geometric mean (95% CI) age adjusted | 22.8 (22.6, 23.1) | 22.7 (22.2, 23.1) | 22.8 (22.4, 23.2) | 23.8 (23.2, 24.3) | 23.4 (22.8, 23.9) | 0.006 |
| multivariate adjusted | 22.8 (22.6, 23.1) | 22.8 (22.4, 23.2) | 22.6 (22.2, 23.0) | 23.0 (22.5, 23.5) | 22.3 (21.9, 22.9) | 0.21 |
| AST, U/L | ||||||
| median (IQR) | 22 (19–27) | 23 (19–27) | 22 (19–27) | 23 (20–27) | 23 (19–26) | |
| Geometric mean (95% CI) age adjusted | 23.6 (23.4, 23.8) | 23.7 (23.4, 24.1) | 23.3 (23, 23.6) | 23.7 (23.3, 24.1) | 23.3 (22.9, 23.7) | 0.17 |
| multivariate adjusted | 23.6 (23.4, 23.8) | 23.8 (23.5, 24.1) | 23.2 (22.9, 23.5) | 23.4 (23.0, 23.7) | 22.9 (22.6, 23.3) | 0.0004 |
| ALP, U/L | ||||||
| median (IQR) | 67 (55–81) | 67 (54–82) | 65 (53–80) | 65 (53–79) | 64 (54–79) | |
| Geometric mean (95% CI) age adjusted | 67.4 (66.6, 68.2) | 64.6 (63.5, 65.7) | 64.2 (63.3, 65.2) | 63.4 (62.0, 64.7) | 64.0 (62.9, 65.1) | <.0001 |
| multivariate adjusted | 67.4 (66.6, 68.2) | 64.3 (63.3, 65.3) | 64.8 (63.9, 65.7) | 64.3 (62.9, 65.7) | 63.8 (62.7, 64.9) | <.0001 |
| GGT, U/L | ||||||
| median (IQR) | 19 (13–30) | 19 (13–30) | 20 (14–31) | 21 (14–32) | 20 (14–30) | |
| Geometric mean (95% CI) age adjusted | 21.8 (21.4, 22.2) | 20.5 (19.9, 21.1) | 21.1 (20.5, 21.7) | 21.9 (21.3, 22.7) | 21.5 (20.8, 22.2) | 0.63 |
| multivariate adjusted | 21.8 (21.4, 22.2) | 20.8 (20.3, 21.4) | 21.2 (20.6, 21.7) | 21.5 (20.8, 22.2) | 20.4 (19.8, 21.0) | 0.0007 |
Adjusted for age (20–34, 35–49, 50–64, 65–85 yr), gender (male, female), race and ethnicity (Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, other), education (less than 9th grade, 9–11th grade, high school/GED, some college or AA degree, college and higher), smoking status (Never, former, current smoker with <1 pck/d, current smoker with 1+ pck/d, missing), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, <1, 1–<3, 3–<7 drink/week, 1–<2, 2+ drink/day, missing), day of recall (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday), hepatitis B (positive serum hepatitis B surface antigen and core antibody, negative) and hepatitis C (positive serum hepatitis C antibody, negative).
one cup is defined as 10 oz, or 283.5 grams of coffee.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transaminase; IQR, interquartile range; CI, confidence interval