Table 4.
Multivariatea adjusted associations between categories of decaffeinated coffee intake and ALT, AST, ALP and GGT, NHANES (1999–2010).
| Decaffeinated coffee, cupb /day | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | <1 | 1-<2 | 2+ | p trend | |
| Abnormal levels of liver enzymesc | |||||
| ALT | |||||
| N (%)d | 1560 (11.8) | 87 (9.9) | 71 (8.8) | 32 (7.3) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ref | 0.82 (0.62, 1.06) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.04) | 0.62 (0.41, 0.94) | 0.002 |
| AST | |||||
| N (%)d | 1534 (10.8) | 103 (11.3) | 76 (9.9) | 46 (9.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ref | 1.02 (0.75, 1.37) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.11) | 0.11 |
| ALP | |||||
| N (%)d | 668 (4.5) | 56 (4.7) | 47 (5.8) | 28 (5.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ref | 0.63 (0.43, 0.94) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.50) | 0.34 |
| GGT | |||||
| N (%)d | 1484 (10.1) | 117 (10.9) | 95 (12.3) | 48 (9.9) | |
| OR (95% CI) | ref | 0.71 (0.52, 0.67) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.70 (0.49, 1.00) | 0.01 |
| Serum levels of liver enzymes, continuous | |||||
| N (%)d | 13175 (88.7) | 926 (4.3) | 753 (3.9) | 481 (3.1) | |
| Geometric mean (95% CI) | |||||
| ALT | 22.8 (22.6, 23.0) | 22.5 (21.7, 23.3) | 22.4 (21.5, 23.5) | 22.0 (21.2, 22.8) | 0.08 |
| AST | 23.6 (23.4, 23.8) | 23.9 (23.3, 24.5) | 23.4 (22.8, 24.1) | 23.0 (22.4, 23.7) | 0.09 |
| ALP | 67.4 (66.6, 68.2) | 63.8 (61.9, 65.7) | 65.4 (63.2, 67.6) | 65.7 (63.2, 68.3) | 0.009 |
| GGT | 21.8 (21.4, 22.2) | 19.3 (18.2, 20.5) | 20.2 (19.1, 21.3) | 19.5 (18.5, 20.6) | <.0001 |
Adjusted for age (20–34, 35–49, 50–64, 65–85 yr), gender (male, female), race and ethnicity (Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, other), education (less than 9th grade, 9–11th grade, high school/GED, some college or AA degree, college and higher), smoking status (Never, former, current smoker with <1 pck/d, current smoker with 1+ pck/d, missing), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, <1, 1–<3, 3–<7 drink/week, 1–<2, 2+ drink/day, missing), day of recall (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday), hepatitis B (positive serum hepatitis B surface antigen and core antibody, negative) and hepatitis C (positive serum hepatitis C antibody, negative).
one cup is defined as 10 oz, or 283.5 grams of coffee.
Defined as >47 IU/L in men or >30 IU/L in women for ALT, >33 IU/L in men and women for AST, >113 IU/L in men and women for ALP and >65 IU/L in men or >36 IU/L in women for GGT
People who reported drinking regular coffee or coffee with unspecified caffeine status were excluded
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transaminase; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval