Table 2.
Bivariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for deaths due to HIV/TB
| Variable | Category | Deaths/PYO | Bivariate analysis | Multivariate analysisa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| Mortality rate deaths/1,000 PYO | Rate ratio | 95% Confidence interval (p value) | Rate ratio | 95% Confidence interval (p value) | |||
| Time period | 2007–2008 | 718/154,449 | 4.65 | ||||
| 2009–2010 | 560/166,496 | 3.36 | 0.72 | 0.65–0.81 (<0.001) | 0.70 | 0.63–0.79 (<0.001) | |
| Sex | Female | 611/166,715 | 3.66 | ||||
| Male | 667/154,229 | 4.32 | 1.18 | 1.06–1.32 (0.003) | 1.28 | 1.14–1.44 (<0.001) | |
| Age group | 15–49 | 780/170,521 | 4.57 | ||||
| <5 | 87/39,035 | 2.23 | 0.49 | 0.39–0.61 (<0.001) | 0.49 | 0.39–0.62 (<0.001) | |
| 5–14 | 31/72,418 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.06–0.14 (<0.001) | 0.09 | 0.06–0.14 (<0.001) | |
| 50–65 | 220/23,793 | 9.25 | 2.02 | 1.74–2.34 (<0.001) | 2.07 | 1.78–2.41 (<0.001) | |
| >65 | 160/15,177 | 10.54 | 2.30 | 1.94–2.73 (<0.001) | 2.25 | 1.87–2.72 (<0.001) | |
| Country of origin | Mozambican | 413/105,023 | 3.93 | ||||
| South African | 865/215,922 | 4.01 | 1.02 | 0.90–1.15 (0.765) | 1.20 | 1.05–1.38 (0.009) | |
| Residence status | Temporary | 405/74,346 | 5.45 | ||||
| Permanent | 873/246,599 | 3.54 | 0.65 | 0.58–0.73 (<0.001) | 0.80 | 0.70–0.90 (<0.001) | |
| Time since in-migration | Non-migrant | 680/175,266 | 3.88 | ||||
| (years) | 0–3 | 166/34,141 | 4.86 | 1.25 | 1.05–1.49 (0.011) | 1.50 | 1.25–1.80 (<0.001) |
| 4–6 | 132/35,076 | 3.76 | 0.97 | 0.80–1.18 (0.757) | 1.09 | 0.90–1.33 (0.377) | |
| 7–9 | 111/23,892 | 4.65 | 1.20 | 0.98–1.47 (0.085) | 1.24 | 1.01–1.53 (0.042) | |
| 10–12 | 80/21,316 | 3.75 | 0.97 | 0.76–1.23 (0.783) | 0.90 | 0.70–1.14 (0.367) | |
| >12 | 109/31,254 | 3.49 | 0.90 | 0.73–1.10 (0.303) | 0.70 | 0.57–0.86 (0.001) | |
| Place of origin for | Non-migrant | 680/175,266 | 3.88 | ||||
| in-migrant | Agincourt Area | 468/175,266 | 4.09 | 1.05 | 0.93–1.19 (0.396) | ||
| Bushbuckridge | 72/114,488 | 4.02 | 1.04 | 0.81–1.33 (0.785) | |||
| Gauteng/Urban | 52/17,918 | 4.49 | 1.16 | 0.87–1.53 (0.312) | |||
| Mozambique | 6/11,584 | 3.55 | 0.92 | 0.41–2.04 (0.83) | |||
| Taxi fare (rands) | <17 | 302/1,688 | 3.81 | ||||
| 17–36 | 639/79,296 | 4.04 | 1.06 | 0.92–1.22 (0.401) | |||
| >36 | 337/79,296 | 4.04 | 1.06 | 0.91–1.24 (0.467) | |||
| Distance by road from | 0–5 | 223/158,155 | 3.50 | ||||
| the Bhubezi CHC (km) | >5 | 1055/83,493 | 4.10 | 1.17 | 1.01–1.36 (0.038) | 1.17 | 1.01–1.37 (0.042) |
| SEP quintiles | 1 | 6.05 | |||||
| 2 | 262/257,298 | 4.22 | 0.70 | 0.59–0.82 (<0.001) | 0.77 | 0.65–0.91 (0.002) | |
| 3 | 264/45,478 | 3.90 | 0.64 | 0.54–0.77 (<0.001) | 0.75 | 0.62–0.90 (0.002) | |
| 4 | 246/62,150 | 3.54 | 0.59 | 0.49–0.70 (<0.001) | 0.72 | 0.60–0.87 (0.001) | |
| 5 | 231/67,732 | 3.04 | 0.50 | 0.42–0.60 (<0.001) | 0.69 | 0.56–0.85 (<0.001) | |
| Transport ownership | No household transport | 1,025/69,527 | 4.51 | ||||
| by household | Non-motorised transport | 79/76,057 | 3.27 | 0.73 | 0.57–0.92 (0.009) | 0.80 | 0.62–1.02 (0.068) |
| Motorised transport (car or motorbike) | 174/227,473 | 2.51 | 0.56 | 0.47–0.66 (<0.001) | 0.68 | 0.57–0.81 (<0.001) | |
| Mean level of adult | 0–5 | 341/24,172 | 5.59 | ||||
| household education | 6–7 | 364/69,300 | 4.53 | 0.81 | 0.70–0.94 (0.006) | 0.86 | 0.73–1.01 (0.063) |
| (years) | 8–9 | 355/60,953 | 3.75 | 0.67 | 0.57–0.78 (<0.001) | 0.71 | 0.60–0.85 (<0.001) |
| 10–11 | 171/80,363 | 2.70 | 0.48 | 0.40–0.58 (<0.001) | 0.54 | 0.44–0.66 (<0.001) | |
| >11 | 47/94,700 | 2.17 | 0.39 | 0.29–0.53 (<0.001) | 0.48 | 0.35–0.67 (<0.001) | |
a
The multivariate model included variables which were showed a significant association in at least one strata in the bivariate model or were included to test a priori hypotheses about their significance. Time period, sex, age, country of origin, place of origin, residence status, time since in-migration, road distance from Bhubezi Community Health Centre (CHC), SEP, transport ownership, and average level of household education were included.