Table 1.

Kidney extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations in chronic vitamin A deficiency.

ECM Component	Modification
Collagen IV (protein)	Increased
α1(IV) chain (protein and mRNA)	Increased
α2(IV) chain (protein and mRNA)	Lowered
α3(IV) chain (protein and mRNA)	Lowered
α4(IV) chain (protein and mRNA)	Increased
α5(IV) chain (protein and mRNA)	Increased
α6(IV) chain (protein and mRNA)	Increased
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Inhibitors
MMP 2 (protein)	Lowered
MMP 9 (protein)	Lowered
TIMP 1 (protein)	Unaffected
TIMP 2 (protein)	Unaffected
Glomerular BM	Enlarged
Tubular BM	Enlarged and presence of collagen I fibrils

Data from Marín et al. (2005) [109]. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.