Table 3.
Percent change in kidney biomarkers for a doubling of blood metals levels, BioCycle Study (2005-2007)
| Biomarker | Metal |
Unadjusted %
changea (95% CI) |
Adjusted %
changea (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| BUN (mg/dl) | Cadmium | −3.41 (−6.57, −0.21) | −4.92 (−8.17, −1.55) |
| Lead | −6.24 (−10.56, −1.79) | −0.13 (−4.97, 4.96) | |
| Mercury | 2.46 (0.35, 4.68) | 0.36 (−1.75, 2.52) | |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | Cadmium | −1.45 (−3.61, 0.77) | −0.87 (−2.92, 1.21) |
| Lead | −1.31 (−4.34, 1.89) | −3.73 (−6.55, −0.83) | |
| Mercury | 1.19 (−0.28, 2.67) | 0.96 (−0.33, 2.27) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | Cadmium | 0.28 (−1.51, 2.10) | 0.66 (−1.13, 2.48) |
| Lead | 0.35 (−2.13, 2.95) | 3.47 (0.85, 6.16) | |
| Mercury | −1.31 (−2.46, −0.21) | −0.89 (−1.97, 0.20) | |
| CO2 (mmol/l) | Cadmium | −0.28 (−0.83, 0.28) | 0.02 (−0.58, 0.63) |
| Lead | −0.35 (−1.17, 0.49) | −0.57 (−1.43, 0.29) | |
| Mercury | 0.07 (−0.28, 0.42) | −0.03 (−0.40, 0.35) | |
| Chloride (mmol/l) | Cadmium | 0.14 (−0.07, 0.35) | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.28) |
| Lead | 0.14 (−0.14, 0.35) | 0.20 (−0.09, 0.48) | |
| Mercury | −0.07 (−0.21, 0.07) | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.05) | |
| Potassium (mmol/l) | Cadmium | 0.56 (−0.28, 1.40) | 0.60 (−0.22, 1.42) |
| Lead | 0.14 (−0.97, 1.33) | 0.01 (−1.15, 1.18) | |
| Mercury | −0.14 (−0.62, 0.42) | −0.14 (−0.63, 0.36) | |
| Urate mg/dl) | Cadmium | 0.21 (−1.99, 2.46) | 1.01 (−1.19, 3.25) |
| Lead | −0.14 (−3.21, 3.03) | 0.90 (−2.22, 4.12) | |
| Mercury | −0.83 (−2.19, 0.63) | −0.38 (−1.71, 0.97) | |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | Cadmium | −0.35 (−0.62, −0.01) | −0.15 (−0.48, 0.17) |
| Lead | −0.42 (−0.83, 0.01) | −0.21 (−0.67, 0.25) | |
| Mercury | 0.01 (−0.21, 0.21) | 0.07 (−0.12, 0.27) | |
| Protein (g/dl) | Cadmium | −0.14 (−0.76, 0.42) | −0.19 (−0.79, 0.41) |
| Lead | −0.55 (−1.38, 0.28) | −0.76 (−1.61, 0.09) | |
| Mercury | 0.42 (0.07, 0.84) | 0.47 (0.10, 0.84) | |
| Albumin (g/dl) | Cadmium | −0.54 (−1.24, 0.17) | −0.27 (−0.90, 0.36) |
| Lead | −0.22 (−1.21, 0.79) | −0.38 (−1.28, 0.52) | |
| Mercury | 0.30 (−0.15, 0.77) | 0.32 (−0.11, 0.67) | |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | Cadmium | 0.21 (−0.55, 0.98) | −0.06 (−0.90, 0.79) |
| Lead | 1.26 (0.21, 2.38) | 0.93 (−0.28, 2.15) | |
| Mercury | −0.42 (−0.90, 0.07) | −0.50 (−1.01, 0.02) |
Adjusted for: age, race, BMI, smoking, average calorie intake, day, and average daily alcohol. Metals and kidney/liver biomarkers were log transformed and metals were modeled together.
a
Beta coefficients are presented as a percent change in the non-transformed outcome per 2-fold increase in non-transformed exposure using the formula: (2β−1 × 100).