Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses of the time to all-cause death among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada (n = 2330)

	Unadjusted hazard ratio (HR)			Adjusted † hazard ratio (AHR)
Variable	HR	(95% CI)	p-value	AHR	(95% CI)	p-value
Daily alcohol use*	0.98	0.77 – 1.25	0.854	1.00	0.78 – 1.28	0.979
Daily heroin injection*	0.75	0.60 – 0.95	0.018	0.92	0.71 – 1.19	0.502
Daily heroin (non-injection)*	1.12	0.51 – 2.44	0.779	1.44	0.68 – 3.07	0.340
Daily cocaine injection*	1.41	1.12 – 1.78	0.003	1.36	1.06 – 1.76	0.017
Daily amphetamine injection*	0.39	0.10 – 1.54	0.177	0.41	0.10 – 1.72	0.224
Daily amphetamine (non-injection)*	1.13	0.29 – 4.50	0.859	0.94	0.13 – 6.88	0.949
Daily crack cocaine smoking*	0.91	0.74 – 1.12	0.358	0.83	0.67 – 1.04	0.099
Daily speedball injectionn	1.02	0.69 – 1.52	0.917	0.98	0.62 – 1.56	0.944

*Refers to activities in the six months prior to interview. ^†Model was adjusted for HIV serostatus, age, and unstable housing.