Table I.
Underlying mechanisms of breast and thyroid cancers.
| First author (ref.) | Model | Primary factor | Mechanism | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim WG (6) | Mice | TRβ | Reactivation of silenced TRβ gene expression delays thyroid tumor progression. | Applied to BC. |
| Ling Y (7) | Patients | TRβ | Hypermethylation of TRβ as a gene silencing mechanism is prevalent in BC. | Methylated TRβ serves as a tumor suppressor and biomarker in BC. |
| Guigon CJ (8) | Mice | TRβ | TRβ mutation promotes the development of mammary hyperplasia via STAT5 activation. | Confers a fertile genetic ground for tumorigenesis. |
| Sar P (9) | In vitro MCF-7 cells | TH | TH induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and is associated with downregulation of SMP-30 gene expression. | Therapeutic target in BC. |
| Muller I (10) | Patients | TPOAb | TPOAb-positive females with BC have a better prognosis than TPOAb-negative females with BC. | Protective role in BC and an antigenic link between BC and TC. |
| Carrera-González MP (11) | Rats | Thyroid Ras-regulating enzymes | In rats with mammary tumors, a change of thyroid Ras-regulating enzymes alone or alterations of other types of regulation, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. | Further carcinogenic process. |
| Gaertner FC (12) | Mice | NIS | Functional active NIS leads to iodide uptake in different types of cancer, including BC. | Radioiodine treatment target in BC. |
| Smith VE (13) | Patients, Mice | PBF | PBF is pregulated in multiple endocrine tumors, by estrogen, and mediates cell invasion and represses NIS. | Proto-oncogene, a target for improving radioiodine uptake. |
| Chowdhury UR (14) | Human | NUPR1 | NUPR1 facilitates the establishment of metastases and is key in the progression of BC and TC. | Biomarker of cancer. |
| Knappskog S (15) | Patients | RINF | High RINF expression is associated with poor overall survival in BC. replacing the TP53 mutation as an oncogene of BC. | Unfavorable prognostic factor in BC. |
| Liu MY (16) | Patients | AIB1 | Upregulation of AIB1 in PTC correlates with lymph node metastasis. | Oncogenic coactivator and biomarker for TPC. |
| Wang C (17) | BC cell lines | RET/PTC kinase | Estrogen-dependent gene expression, induced by estrogen in BC cells; a critical regulator for the proliferation of ER-positive BC cells. | Prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ER-positive BC. |
TRβ, thyroid hormone receptor β; BC, breast cancer; STAT5, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7; TH, thyroid hormone; SMP-30, senescence marker protein-30; TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody; TC, thyroid cancer; NIS, sodium/iodide symporter; PBF, pituitary tumor-transforming gene-binding factor; NUPR1, nuclear protein 1; RINF, retinoid-inducible nuclear factor; TP53, tumor protein 53; AIB1, (nuclear receptor coactivator) amplified in breast cancer 1; TPC, thyroid papillary cancer; RET/PTC, rearranged during transfection/papillary thyroid carcinoma; ER, estrogen receptor.