Table 7.
Simple and partial Mantel tests of association among genetic distances, geographic distance and climatic variables of Echinacea angustifolia populations
| Matrix |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A |
B |
C |
R-statistic |
P* |
||
| AMT | GEN | −0·5323 | 0·0010 | |||
| AMP | GEN | −0·4296 | 0·0047 | |||
| FFD | GEN | −0·4369 | 0·0010 | |||
| GEO | GEN | 0·5423 | 0·0010b | |||
| AMT | GEO | −0·9479 | 0·0010 | |||
| AMP | GEO | −0·7022 | 0·0020 | |||
| FFD | GEO | −0·8152 | 0·0001 | |||
| AMT | GEN | GEO | −0·1302 | 0·2238 | ||
| AMP | GEN | GEO | −0·1013 | 0·2767 | ||
| FFD | GEN | GEO | −0·1991 | 0·1139 | ||
| GEN | GEO | AMP | 0·3463 | 0·0170† | ||
| GEN | GEO | AMT | 0·0732 | 0·3047† | ||
| GEN | GEO | FFD | 0·2056 | 0·0769† | ||
The pattern of association in the dependent matrix A was compared with the predictor matrix B, while controlling for the effects of matrix C, using the partial Mantel test (Smouse et al., 1986).
Genetic distance was calculated using Nei and Li's (1979) estimate.
Climatic data are averaged values from the time period 1931–2000 with the exception of freeze-free days, which is from the time period 1951–1980.
AMT, annual mean temperature; AMP, annual mean precipitation; FFD, freeze-free days; GEN, genetic distance; GEO, geographic distance.
Probability that a random Z ≤ observed Z.
Probability that a random Z ≥ observed Z.