Fig. 1.

Line drawings of typical mature trees (A–E) and terminal shoots (a–e) of the study species in the reversed order of successional status: Anacardium excelsum (late successional species with the greatest leaf longevity among the study species (A and a); Luehea seemannii (B and b); Antirrhoea trichantha (C and c); Castilla elastica (D and d); Cecropia longipes (shortest-lived pioneer; E and e). The whole trees are drawn to the scale of the tower crane (42 m tall) to show their relative sizes and crown shapes. Scales for branch drawings are shown as bars at the bottom (0·2 m, shared for a–d, separate for e).