Table 1.
Overview of palynological diversity within Marcgraviaceae
| Species studied |
P (μm) |
E (μm) |
Oblate spheroidal |
Spheroidal |
Prolate spheroidal |
Subprolate |
Apocolpium index |
Ectocolpus lentgh (μm) |
Ectocolpus width (μm) |
Granules on foot layer |
Psilate AC |
Perforate AC |
Fossulate AC |
Foveolate AC |
Microreticulate AC |
Reticulate AC |
Psilate MC |
Perforate MC |
Fossulate MC |
Foveolate MC |
Microreticulate MC |
Reticulate MC |
Thickness nexine (μm) |
Thickness exine (μm) |
Sexine/nexine |
Figures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marcgraviabrachysepala | 15–18.6–22 | 15–17.9–21 | − | ± | + | − | 0·29 | 11·5 | 0·6 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | ||||
| M. brownei | 20–26·0–31 | 22–26·4–30 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·67 | 7·1 | 0·4 | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | 1B | |||
| M. caudata | 18–19·6–20 | 19–20·9–23 | + | ± | − | − | 0·61 | 11·7 | 1·2 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | ||||
| M. coriacea | 20–22·5–25 | 21–23·4–25 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·45 | 11·8 | 0·5 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | 0·46 | 0·98 | 1·13 | 1H and 2F |
| M. domingensis | 17–18·4–21 | 17–18·5–21 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·44 | 9·2 | 0·7 | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | ||||
| M. elegans | 17–17·4–19 | 17–17·5–18 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·41 | 12·0 | 1·5 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | ||||
| M. evenia | 18–18·5–19 | 18–18·7–21 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·53 | 12·2 | 0·8 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| M. evenia subsp. calcicola | 20–20·6–21 | 19–20·1–21 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·38 | 12·0 | 0·9 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| M. flagellaris | 19–19·7–21 | 20–20·1–22 | + | − | − | − | 0·40 | 11·9 | 1·0 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | ||||
| M. gentlei | 20–22·2–25 | 20–22·2–24 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·45 | 12·8 | 1·1 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | 1I | |||
| M. hartii | 21–24·4–27 | 21–23·7–25 | − | ± | + | − | 0·40 | 10·0 | 1·5 | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | 0·36 | 1·00 | 1·75 | |
| M. lineolata | 19–20·5–22 | 20–20·5–21 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·48 | 16·0 | 1·4 | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | ||||
| M. macrophylla | 23–24·9–26 | 23–24·4–26 | − | ± | + | − | 0·69 | 7·8 | 1·2 | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | 0·34 | 0·95 | 1·79 | 1L and 4A |
| M. magnibracteata | 23–23·7–25 | 23–24·0–26 | + | ± | − | − | 0·61 | 14·5 | 1·4 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | ||||
| M. mexicana | 19–21·1–23 | 19–21·7–24 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·60 | 13·7 | 0·9 | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | ||||
| M. nepenthoides | 18–18·5–19 | 18–18·4–19 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·42 | 12·1 | 0·6 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 0·38 | 0·86 | 1·26 | |
| M. nervosa | 20–22·3–25 | 20–22·8–25 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·56 | 16·0 | 1·1 | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | 0·65 | 1·25 | 0·95 | 1J and 4C–E |
| M. neurophylla | 32–33·8–36 | 30–31·6–36 | − | ± | + | − | 0·70 | 9·1 | 0·8 | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | ||||
| M. nubicola | 21–22·4–25 | 20–21·6–23 | − | ± | + | − | 0·43 | 12·9 | 0·9 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ||||
| M. oligandra | 22–23·3–25 | 21–22·0–23 | − | ± | + | − | 0·40 | 16·0 | 0·7 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| M. panamensis | 18–19·6–23 | 18–20·4–22 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·71 | 8·7 | 1·3 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| M. pedunculosa | 22–24·0–25 | 21–23·0–25 | − | ± | + | − | 0·47 | 8·5 | 0·7 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ||||
| M. pittieri | 19–20·3–23 | 19–19·9–21 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·42 | 12·2 | 1·3 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ||||
| M. polyantha | 17–19·1–22 | 17–18·9–22 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·45 | 15·3 | 0·8 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | ||||
| M. purpurea | 20–22·4–24 | 20–22·2–24 | ± | + | − | − | 0·55 | 10·6 | 0·9 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ||||
| M. rectiflora | 27–31·3–36 | 28–31·3–35 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·51 | 10·4 | 0·7 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | 0·75 | 1·50 | 1·00 | 4B and 6D |
| M. schippii | 18–19·5–20 | 20–20·1–21 | + | ± | − | − | 0·53 | 11·5 | 1·2 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | 0·40 | 0·92 | 1·30 | |
| M. sintenisii | 18–23·0–27 | 19–22·8–25 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·55 | 11·6 | 1·0 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | 0·38 | 1·08 | 1·84 | 1G, 2D and 3C |
| M. stonei | 17–18·8–20 | 17–18·5–20 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·40 | 14·8 | 0·9 | + | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | 0·28 | 0·97 | 2·46 | 3E |
| M. tobagensis | 20–21·0–22 | 21–22·3–23 | + | ± | − | − | 0·40 | 12·0 | 1·5 | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ||||
| M. trianae | 18–18·5–20 | 16–16·9–18 | − | ± | + | ± | 0·44 | 10·8 | 0·6 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | 0·32 | 0·79 | 1·47 | |
| M. trinitatis | 21–22·3–24 | 22–24·4–26 | + | ± | − | − | 0·53 | 11·0 | 1·2 | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | ||||
| M. umbellata | 21–25·0–28 | 20–24·3–27 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·50 | 16·0 | 1·4 | + | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | ||||
| Marcgraviastrum cuneifolium | 28–29·0–32 | 25–26·6–28 | − | − | + | ± | 0·45 | 15·2 | 1·3 | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | − | 0·81 | 1·48 | 0·83 | 1K, 2E, 3A, 5G and 6F |
| M. gigantophyllum | 25–27·0–29 | 23–24·8–26 | − | − | + | ± | 0·56 | 13·9 | 1·0 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 0·60 | 1·14 | 0·90 | 6A |
| M. mixtum | 35–36·9–38 | 34–35·1–37 | − | − | + | − | 0·56 | 15·9 | 1·6 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 1C | |||
| M. pauciflorum | 33–35·0–37 | 34–35·3–37 | + | ± | − | − | 0·69 | 17·5 | 1·5 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| M. pendulum | 39–41·7–46 | 40–41·0–45 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·59 | 16·9 | 1·2 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 0·56 | 1·21 | 1·16 | 5F |
| M. subsessile | 25–27·6–29 | 26–28·3–29 | ± | ± | − | − | 0·61 | 12·0 | 1·5 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 0·70 | 1·34 | 0·91 | |
| Norantea goyasensis | 30–32·4–36 | 30–33·0–36 | − | ± | + | − | 0·56 | 14·7 | 2·4 | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 2·50 | 3·80 | 0·50 | 1E, 5C and 6B |
| N. guianensis subsp. guianensis | 25–26·7–28 | 27–27·7–34 | + | ± | − | − | 0·59 | 15·8 | 0·8 | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 1·59 | 2·27 | 0·43 | |
| N. guianensis subsp. japurensis | 32–37·0–39 | 29–36·0–39 | − | ± | + | − | 0·63 | 14·6 | 0·8 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 1·24 | 2·25 | 0·81 | 5D and 6H |
| Ruyschia andina | 23–26·0–28 | 20–24·2–26 | − | ± | + | ± | 0·45 | 13·5 | 1·0 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 0·58 | 1·23 | 1·12 | |
| R. clusiaefolia | 24–24·5–25 | 22–22·7–23 | − | − | + | − | 0·48 | 14·3 | 0·7 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| R. pavonii | 20–20·2–21 | 17–18·0–19 | − | − | + | ± | 0·55 | 12·5 | 1·0 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| R. phylladenia | 23–25·5–28 | 22–23·8–25 | − | − | + | ± | 0·40 | 18·9 | 1·8 | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| R. pilophora | 22–23·9–25 | 20–21·1–22 | − | − | + | ± | 0·52 | 17·5 | 0·8 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | 0·67 | 1·37 | 1·04 | |
| R. tremadena | 29–30·8–34 | 22–25·0–28 | − | − | ± | + | 0·14 | 20·5 | 2·0 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | 0·66 | 1·25 | 0·89 | 2C |
| Sarcopera anomala | 18–21·0–23 | 21–23·3–25 | + | − | − | − | 0·47 | 9·6 | 0·8 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | 1·54 | 2·26 | 0·46 | |
| S. flammifera | 35–39·0–42 | 31–36·5–40 | − | − | + | − | 0·73 | 14·2 | 1·2 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 1·29 | 1·99 | 0·54 | 1A and 3F |
| S. oxystylis | 21–22·0–23 | 21–23·2–24 | + | ± | − | − | 0·34 | 11·2 | 1·7 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 1·22 | 1·90 | 0·55 | |
| S. rosulata | 24–25·1–26 | 26–27·1–28 | + | − | − | − | 0·64 | 10·5 | 1·7 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. sessiliflora | 20–21·6–22 | 22–22·4–24 | + | ± | − | − | 0·59 | 10·1 | 2·4 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. tepuiensis subsp. coccinea | 23–25·0–28 | 25–27·4–29 | + | ± | − | − | 0·38 | 12·5 | 1·8 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 2·50 | 3·20 | 0·30 | 3B and 5A |
| S. tepuiensis subsp. tepuiensis | 30–32·0–35 | 31–32·4–35 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·54 | 13·7 | 1·6 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 2·20 | 3·00 | 0·36 | 5B |
| Schwartzia adamantium | 30–31·4–34 | 26–27·6–29 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·38 | 14·9 | 2·5 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | 0·97 | 1·47 | 0·52 | 1F, 2B and 6C |
| S. brasiliensis | 25–26·3–29 | 25–25·4–27 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·41 | 16·0 | 1·8 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | 0·90 | 1·47 | 0·63 | |
| S. brenesii | 27–28·9–30 | 28–28·6–30 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·36 | 17·5 | 2·0 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. costaricensis | 28–28·9–30 | 29–29·6–30 | + | ± | − | − | 0·32 | 17·0 | 2·5 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. magnifica | 30–31·3–33 | 30–30·8–33 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·19 | 19·5 | 1·8 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. parrae | 28–31·9–34 | 28–31·8–35 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·55 | 6·3 | 1·3 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | 1·22 | 1·95 | 0·60 | |
| S. spiciflora | 33–34·3–35 | 33–34·8–37 | + | ± | ± | − | 0·45 | 15·8 | 1·5 | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | 1·66 | 2·31 | 0·39 | 5E |
| Souroubea corallina | 20–21·0–23 | 18–19·2–21 | − | − | + | ± | 0·47 | 10·4 | 0·5 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 0·39 | 0·86 | 1·21 | |
| S. exauriculata* | 23–24·4–25 | 23–24·5–25 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·43 | 13·4 | 1·0 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. gilgii* | 20–22·4–24 | 18–20·0–21 | − | − | + | ± | 0·35 | 17·5 | 1·5 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. loczyi subsp. loczyi* | 20–23·0–24 | 20–20·6–21 | − | ± | + | ± | 0·45 | 17·2 | 1·2 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. loczyi subsp. minima* | 19–21·0–23 | 18–19·3–21 | − | − | + | ± | 0·43 | 17·0 | 1·5 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. guianensis subsp. amazonica | 23–24·5–26 | 23–23·5–25 | − | ± | + | − | 0·39 | 15·1 | 0·9 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | 0·50 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |
| S. guianensis subsp. cylindrica | 25–26·6–28 | 23–25·9–28 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·38 | 14·7 | 1·5 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | 0·77 | 1·61 | 1·09 | 3D, 4F and 6G |
| S. guianensis subsp. guianensis | 26–29·4–33 | 25–29·2–32 | ± | ± | + | − | 0·40 | 14·5 | 1·6 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | 0·64 | 1·30 | 1·03 | 6E and 4H |
| S. sympetala | 23–27·9–34 | 22–25·4–29 | ± | ± | ± | + | 0·46 | 17·1 | 0·7 | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | 0·45 | 1·11 | 1·60 | 1D, 2A and 4G |
| S. vallicola* | 20–22·9–25 | 20–23·3–25 | ± | + | ± | − | 0·45 | 16·2 | 1·2 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | ||||
| S. venosa | 21–23·8–28 | 20–21·3–27 | − | − | ± | + | 0·41 | 12·8 | 0·5 | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Size measurements are based on acetolysed pollen grains. A blank cell means that no measurements were available. An asterisk indicates that the species were only observed by LM. Numbers refer to mean values, except for P (polar axis length) and E (equatorial axis length) values that correspond to minimum-mean-maximum. AC = apocolpium; MC = mesocolpium; + = present; ± = sometimes present; – = absent.