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Changes in electromyogram (EMG) and electroencephalogram (ECG) in response to cannulation. (A) Average EMG trace 5 seconds before and after cannulation (across all subjects). (B) Average root mean square (RMS) of EMG activity in response to cannulation and in the background. (C) Average heart rate 5 seconds before and after cannulation (across all subjects). (D) Average heart rate in response to cannulation and in the background. Error bars indicate SEM.
