Table 3.

OTA occurrence in human urine.

Country	Year collected	Number of positive samples (%) for OTA	Range of urinary OTA levels (ng/ml)	Sampled population	Reference
Bulgaria	1984–1990	44/127 (35)	0.005–0.604	Healthy humans in Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN) areas, Non-BEN areas and BEN patients	(Nikolov et al., 2002)
Bulgaria	2003	16/16 (100)	0.016–0.860	Patients from BEN areas	(Petkova-Bocharova et al., 2003)
Bulgaria	Not Available	61/152 (40)	n.d.-0.03	BEN and Urothelial Tract Tumor (UTT) patients	(Castegnaro et al., 1990)
Croatia	2000	24/63 (38)	0.005–0.086	BEN and Non-BEN areas	(Domijan et al., 2009)
Croatia	2005	9/63 (14)	0.005–0.015	BEN and Non-BEN areas	(Domijan et al., 2009)
Egypt	1998	19/122 (16)	0–8.19	Healthy controls, kidney donors, patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), transplant recipients, nephritic syndrome patients, and UTT patients	(Wafa et al., 1998)
Germany	2008	13/13 (100)	0.02–0.13	Healthy volunteers	(Munoz et al., 2010)
Hungary	2003	54/88 (61)	0.006–0.065	Healthy volunteers	(Fazekas et al., 2005)
Italy	2001	25/41 (61)	0.012–0.140	Healthy individuals and karyomegalic interstitial nephritis patients	(Pascale and Visconti, 2000)
Italy	Not Available	10/10 (100)	0.02–0.25	Healthy volunteers	(Solfrizzo et al., 2011)
Korea	Not Available	12/12 (100)	0.012–0.093	Healthy volunteers	(Ahn et al., 2010)
Portugal	2007	174/198 (88)	n.d.-0.071	Healthy volunteers	(Duarte et al., 2010a; Duarte et al., 2009)
Portugal	2004	42/60 (70)	n.d.-0.105	Healthy volunteers	(Pena et al., 2006)
Portugal	2005	13/30 (43)	n.d.-0.208	Healthy volunteers	(Manique et al., 2008)
Sierra Leone	1992–93	63/434 (25)	0.06–148	Healthy child volunteers	(Jonsyn-Ellis, 2001)
Spain	2005	25/31 (81)	n.d.-0.124	Healthy volunteers	(Manique et al., 2008)
Spain	2011	9/72 (13)	0.057–0.562	Healthy volunteers	(Coronel et al., 2011)
Spain	2011	3/27 (11)	n.d.-<1.5	Healthy volunteers	(Rubert et al., 2011)
United Kingdom	2001	46/50 (92)	<0.01–0.058	Healthy volunteers	(Gilbert et al., 2001)