Table 4.
Eligible studies and Unadjusted Odds Ratios (ORs).
| Location | Population characteristics |
Proportion positive for urinary OTA (%) |
Mean urinary OTA (ng/ml) (Range) |
OR (95% CI) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egypt | End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients w/ treatment | 4/11 (36.4%) | 1.85 (nd*-6.70) | 2.74 (0.402–18.69) | (Wafa et al., 1998) |
| ESRD dialysis patients | 1/11 (9.1%) | 0.36 (nd-4.0) | 1.23 (0.115–13.14) | ||
| ESRD Totals | 5/22 (22.7%) | Not Available | 1.94 (0.357–10.52) | ||
| Renal transplant recipients | 2/15 (13.3%) | 0.12 (nd-1.36) | 1.89 (0.28–12.65) | ||
| Nephritic Syndrome patients | 8/15 (53.3%) | 3.09 (nd-8.19) | 10.79 (2.28–50.91) | ||
| Patients with urothelial tract tumors (UTT) | 1/15 (6.7%) | 0.36 (nd-4.64) | 0.88 (0.085–9.14) | ||
| Potential kidney donors | 2/15 (13.3%) | 0.26 (nd-3.42) | Not Available | ||
| Controls | 3/40 (7.5%) | 0.01 (nd-0.31) | Not Available | ||
| Bulgaria | BEN/UTT patients | 14/36 (38.9%) | Not Available (0.005–0.604) | 1.29 (0.58–2.87) | (Nikolov et al., 2002) |
| Healthy persons from BEN families | 12/25 (48%) | Not Available (nd-0.033) | Not Available | ||
| Healthy persons from non-BEN families in BEN villages | 14/32 (43.8%) | Not Available (nd-0.043) | Not Available | ||
| Healthy persons from non-BEN villages in BEN area | 4/31 (12.9%) | Not Available (nd-0.041) | Not Available | ||
| Healthy persons from non-BEN area | 0/3 (0%) | Not Available | Not Available | ||
| Croatia 2000 | Endemic BEN village | 19/45 (43%) | 0.007 (nd-0.086) | 1.90 (0.58–6.23) | (Domijan et al., 2009) |
| Healthy control village | 5/18 (28%) | 0.003 (nd-0.02) | Not Available | ||
| Croatia 2005 | Endemic BEN village | 8/45 (18%) | 0.001 (nd-0.015) | 3.68 (0.43–31.78) | (Domijan et al., 2009) |
| Healthy control village | 1/18 (6%) | 0.005 (0–0.01) | Not Available | ||
| Combined BEN Villages | 27/90 (30%) | Not Available | 2.14 (0.80–5.74) |
*
nd: non-detect
**
Mean urinary OTA levels were not provided for all sampled groups and were therefore labeled as ‘Not Available’. Odds ratios labeled ‘Not Available’ were for control groups, hence, no odds ratio could be calculated.