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. 2014 Nov 16;2014:360978. doi: 10.1155/2014/360978

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Latency of fall (LOF) in rotarod test for motor function. Treatment with nicotine increased the latency of fall significantly (↑motor function) when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). This is attributed to the role of nicotine in stimulating cholinergic receptors at neuromuscular junctions and increasing epinephrine release. The cadmium (P < 0.01) and nicotine-cadmium (P < 0.001) treated groups showed a significant decrease in motor function (↓LOF) when compared with the control and nicotine treated group (P < 0.001). Subsequent analysis shows that nicotine-cadmium treatment reduced motor function significantly when compared with nicotine (P < 0.001) and cadmium (P < 0.05) treatment groups, respectively (statistical significance: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001).