. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.

Published in final edited form as: Neurol Clin. 2015 Feb;33(1):77–100. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.002

Table 1.

Classification of the dystonias according to clinical features

Dimension for classification	Subgroups
Age at onset	Infancy (birth to 2 years)
	Childhood (3–12 years)
	Adolescence (13–20 years)
	Early adulthood (21–40 years)
	Late adulthood (40 years and older)
Body distribution	Focal (one isolated region)
	Segmental (2 or more contiguous regions)
	Multifocal (2 or more non-contiguous regions)
	Hemidystonia (half the body)
	Generalized (trunk plus 3 other sites)
Temporal pattern	Disease course (static vs progressive)
Temporal pattern	Short-term variation (persistent, action-specific, diurnal, paroxysmal)
Associated features	Isolated (with or without tremor)
Associated features	Combined (with other neurological or systemic features)