Table 2.
Risk factors for three delay stages of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Uzbekistan, 2014 (n = 538)
| Predictors | N | Patient delay (median 27 days) | Health system delay (median 7 days) | Total delay (median 50 days) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | P value | Median | P value | Median | P value | ||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 298 | 30 | 0.08 | 6.5 | 0.56 | 49 | 0.8 |
| Female | 240 | 23.5 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 50.5 | 1 |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| ≤ 15-35 | 226 | 25 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.01* | 48 | 0.1 |
| > 35 | 312 | 28 | 0.4 | 9 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.4 |
| Education | |||||||
| Illiterate | 22 | 31 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 38.5 | 1 |
| Primary-Secondary | 443 | 25 | 0.5 | 7 | 0.2 | 50 | 0.6 |
| University/higher | 73 | 30 | 0.9 | 9 | 0.1 | 49 | 0.7 |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Employed | 130 | 21 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 57 | 1 |
| Healthcare worker | 8 | 23 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.01* | 27.5 | 0.8 |
| Unemployed | 246 | 30 | 0.2 | 5 | 0.001* | 48 | 0.3 |
| Student | 16 | 17 | 0.2 | 14.5 | 0.9 | 36.5 | 0.4 |
| Housewife | 52 | 25 | 0.8 | 9 | 0.3 | 50 | 0.8 |
| Retired | 86 | 28 | 0.3 | 9 | 0.2 | 54 | 0.6 |
| Labour migrant | 54 | 34 | 0.9 | 7 | 0.02* | 60.5 | 0.5 |
| Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 357 | 25 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 49 | 1 |
| Suburban | 53 | 25 | 0.8 | 18 | 0.01* | 56 | 0.2 |
| Rural | 128 | 30 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.1 | 50.5 | 0.9 |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Never | 316 | 25 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 50 | 1 |
| Current | 24 | 42 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.2 | 48.5 | 0.9 |
| Ex-smoking | 198 | 29 | 0.3 | 8 | 0.2 | 49.5 | 0.7 |
| Alcohol use | |||||||
| Never | 328 | 24 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 47 | 1 |
| Past history | 153 | 34 | 0.03* | 7 | 0.1 | 54 | 0.1 |
| Moderate/Excessive | 57 | 21 | 0.03* | 10 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.1 |
| Injection drug use | |||||||
| Yes | 21 | 24 | 0.5 | 11 | 0.3 | 48 | 0.9 |
| No | 517 | 27 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 50 | 1 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 52 | 23 | 0.9 | 10 | 0.6 | 51.5 | 0.9 |
| HIV positive | 32 | 14.5 | 0.03* | 19.5 | 0.02* | 46.5 | 0.6 |
| COPD | 69 | 31 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.9 | 46 | 0.2 |
| Symptoms | |||||||
| Cough | 479 | 29 | 0.008* | 7 | 0.4 | 53 | 0.0001 |
| Fever | 254 | 29 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.8 | 53 | 0.2 |
| Loss of weight | 382 | 35 | 0.0001* | 7 | 0.7 | 57 | 0.0001 |
| Sputum smear-for acid-fast bacilli | |||||||
| Positive | 283 | 31 | 0.008* | 8 | 0.3 | 54 | 0.006* |
| Negative | 255 | 21 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 44 | 1 |
| Health facility first consulted | |||||||
| Pharmacy | 231 | 41 | 0.0001* | 6 | 0.0001* | 56 | 0.0001* |
| Private clinic | 27 | 14 | 0.02* | 36 | 0.004* | 88 | 0.01* |
| Primary health center/polyclinic | 133 | 12 | 0.0001* | 16 | 0.0001* | 41 | 0.004* |
| TB facility | 100 | 25 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 33.5 | 1 |
| Traditional remedy | 4 | 14 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.4 | 28 | 0.03 |
| Ambulance | 16 | 16 | 0.006* | 5.5 | 0.4 | 25.5 | 0.05 |
| Other (AIDS Centre, Public hospital) | 27 | 30 | 0.6 | 6 | 0.4 | 45 | 0.2 |
| Treatment before TB diagnosis | |||||||
| Self-medicated | 231 | 41 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 56 | 1 |
| Self-medicated with antibiotics | 124 | 54.5 | 0.0001* | 4 | 0.03* | 62.5 | 0.0001* |
| Prescribed antibiotics | 169 | 15 | 0.09 | 25 | 0.0001* | 58 | 0.02* |
| Time taken to reach a TB health facility | |||||||
| <1/2 hour | 154 | 24 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.2 | 39 | 0.3 |
| 1/2-1 hour | 169 | 26 | 0.4 | 8 | 0.4 | 55 | 0.4 |
| ≥ 1 hour | 215 | 29 | 0.04* | 7 | 0.6 | 51 | 0.04* |
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome. *p <0.05.