The frequency of plasmacytoid DCs increases early during acute SVV infection in the lungs. The frequencies (means ± SEM) of dendritic cells (DCs; lin− CD14− HLA-DR+) and monocytes (lin− CD14+ HLA-DR−) in BAL cells (A) and PBMC (B) were measured by flow cytometry (++, P < 0.01; +++, P < 0.001 for DCs) (*, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0. 001 for monocytes). The frequencies (means ± SEM) of myeloid DCs (mDCs; CD123− CD11c+) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs; CD123+ CD11c−) in BAL cells (C) and PBMC (D) were measured by flow cytometry (&, P < 0.05; &&&, P < 0.001; &&&&, P < 0.0001 for mDC) (#, P < 0.05 for pDC). (E) The concentration of IFN-α was determined by IFN-α ELISA in BAL supernatant, mean pg/ml ± SEM ($$$, P < 0.001).