FIG 7.

Inhibition of GBF-1 by GCA enhances spreading of virus infection via IRE-1 and XBP-1. (A, B) Confluent A549 cells were preincubated with GCA for 5 h and infected with replication-competent HAdV-C2-dE3B_GFP (MOI, 0.00016), and spreading of infection was analyzed by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. (A) Spreading of infection is manifested by the typical comet phenotypes of infected GFP-positive cells. Arrowhead, one of the many comets which increase in size as infection proceeds. (B) Quantification of the number of comets. The data are from two parallel experiments. (C, D) A549 cells were reverse transfected with the negative-control siP RNA (siP Neg) or siP RNA against IRE-1 or XBP-1. At 72 h posttransfection, cells were preincubated with GCA or DMSO for 5 h and inoculated with HAdV-C2-dE3B_GFP (MOI, 0.008) and spreading of infection was analyzed by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. (C) Images from the recordings obtained at 72 h p.i. (D) Quantification of the comets at 72 h p.i. The data in panel D were from two parallel experiments.