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Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) for binding of CodY to the promoter of ntnh-botA operon. Pntnh-botA probe was incubated with increasing concentrations of CodY in the absence of effector (A) or with 2 mM GTP (B) or 10 mM (each) isoleucine, leucine, and valine (branched-chain amino acids [BCAAs]) (C). Specificity was confirmed using 200-fold molar excess of unlabeled competitor DNA. (D) CodY did not show significant binding to P16S rrn probe.
