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Photocatalysis induces cell wall damages. (A) SEM views of S. cerevisiae cells exposed to control conditions (20 h in water, UV-A, or TiO2 in the dark) or to photocatalysis treatment (3 and 20 h). (B) TEM observation of S. cerevisiae cells after 20 h of exposure to nonilluminated TiO2 and after 3 h and 20 h of photocatalytic treatment. White arrows indicate cell wall cracks and holes.
