. 2014 Dec;80(24):7574–7582. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02413-14

TABLE 4.

Increases of cell density, maximum growth rate, glucose consumption, and organic acid (lactic and acetic acid) and ethanol production in CDM supplemented with caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids^a

Strain	Medium^b	ΔOD₆₂₀	μ_max (OD₆₂₀ unit h⁻¹)^c	Glucose consumption (mmol/liter)	Lactic acid production (mmol/liter)	Acetic acid production (μmol/liter)	Ethanol production (mmol/liter)	Electron balance (%)^d	Carbon balance (%)^e	NAD⁺/NADH ratio	Theoretical ATP/glucose yield
W. cibaria P9	Control	0.244 ± 0.020^C	0.027 ± 0.006^CD	25 ± 2^C	25 ± 1^A	921 ± 205^F	30 ± 2^A	111 ± 8^AB	105 ± 8^A	37 ± 2^E	1.03 ± 0.04^F
	Caffeic acid	0.279 ± 0.022^C	0.036 ± 0.003^BC	25 ± 1^C	26 ± 2^A	1,948 ± 225^C	24 ± 1^C	94 ± 7^BCD	102 ± 3^A	38 ± 3^E	1.15 ± 0.03^DE
	p-Coumaric acid	0.315 ± 0.018^AB	0.049 ± 0.004^A	24 ± 2^C	23 ± 3^A	1,908 ± 106^C	22 ± 2^C	91 ± 3^D	95 ± 13^A	46 ± 3^C	1.06 ± 0.07^EF
	Ferulic acid	0.259 ± 0.022^C	0.031 ± 0.006^BCD	25 ± 3^C	25 ± 2^A	1,122 ± 261^EF	25 ± 2^B	98 ± 5^BCD	101 ± 12^A	30 ± 5^E	1.05 ± 0.09^EF
W. cibaria/W. confusa POM12	Control	0.281 ± 0.023^C	0.030 ± 0.005^BCD	25 ± 3^C	27 ± 1^A	1,522 ± 207^DE	29 ± 2^AB	112 ± 7^AB	108 ± 13^A	15 ± 10^F	1.13 ± 0.04^DE
	Caffeic acid	0.302 ± 0.021^ABC	0.039 ± 0.005^B	23 ± 1^C	25 ± 2^A	2,369 ± 234^B	23 ± 2^C	96 ± 4^CD	105 ± 10^A	36 ± 3^E	1.20 ± 0.04^CD
	p-Coumaric acid	0.271 ± 0.016^C	0.031 ± 0.002^CD	20 ± 1^B	22 ± 1^B	2,189 ± 123^BC	22 ± 1^C	101 ± 3^AB	108 ± 9^A	39 ± 3^DE	1.22 ± 0.03^C
	Ferulic acid	0.286 ± 0.022^ABC	0.029 ± 0.003^D	25 ± 2^C	28 ± 1^A	2,194 ± 132^BC	23 ± 2^C	85 ± 8^D	104 ± 11^A	45 ± 4^CD	1.21 ± 0.04^CD
L. curvatus PE5	Control	0.333 ± 0.020^A	0.028 ± 0.003^D	20 ± 3^BC	22 ± 2^AB	2,385 ± 234^B	28 ± 2^AB	124 ± 18^A	115 ± 16^A	48 ± 4^C	1.21 ± 0.08^BCD
	Caffeic acid	0.337 ± 0.021^A	0.030 ± 0.004^BCD	17 ± 2^B	20 ± 3^AB	3,136 ± 263^A	24 ± 1^C	121 ± 25^ABC	118 ± 19^A	50 ± 4^C	1.37 ± 0.08^B
	p-Coumaric acid	0.346 ± 0.019^A	0.033 ± 0.002^BCD	12 ± 1^A	18 ± 2^C	3,332 ± 201^A	21 ± 3^C	141 ± 37^A	132 ± 31^A	74 ± 5^B	1.83 ± 0.12^A
	Ferulic acid	0.331 ± 0.025^A	0.032 ± 0.002^BCD	18 ± 3^B	20 ± 2^B	2,585 ± 261^B	23 ± 2^C	104 ± 19^ABCD	111 ± 18^A	65 ± 4^B	1.27 ± 0.07^BC
L. rossiae 2MR8	Control	0.154 ± 0.031^D	0.012 ± 0.002^E	10 ± 2^A	12 ± 1^D	1,277 ± 237^DEF	13 ± 1^D	124 ± 21^AB	118 ± 19^A	13 ± 2^F	1.32 ± 0.08^BC
	Ferulic acid	0.251 ± 0.026^C	0.032 ± 0.002^BCD	13 ± 1^A	14 ± 2^D	2,050 ± 224^BC	12 ± 2^D	83 ± 17^CD	106 ± 8^A	175 ± 9^A	1.24 ± 0.09^BCD

Values were obtained after fermentation for 24 h at 30°C with lactic acid bacterial strains. Means within the column with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). ΔOD₆₂₀, increase in cell density; μ_max, maximum growth rate.

CDM was prepared as described by McFeeters and Chen (20) and supplemented with caffeic, p-coumaric, or ferulic acid at a concentration of 2 mM. CDM not supplemented with hydroxycinnamic acids was used as a control. The data are the means of three independent experiments ± standard deviations (n = 3).

Growth data were modeled according to the Gompertz equation, as modified by Zwietering et al. (21).

Electron balances were calculated by considering the stoichiometry of the electron donors and electron acceptors involved in glucose metabolism.

Carbon balances were calculated by assuming the production of 1 mmol CO₂ per mmol glucose.