Table 2.
Experience of negative emotional states
| Study | Year | Type of study | Areas | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oya et al. | 2002 | ERP | Amygdala | Response to negative emotions |
| Naccache et al. | 2005 | ERP | Amygdala | Response to emotional words |
| Kawasaki et al. | 2001 | Single Unit | vmPFC | Response to negative emotional states |
| Penfield | 1958 | Stimulation | ITL | Fear |
| Penfield and Perot | 1963 | Stimulation | STG, TPJ | Fear |
| Bancaud et al. | 1994 | Stimulation | STG | Fear |
| Meletti et al. | 2006 | Stimulation | MTL, Amygdala | Of the 79 emotional responses elicited, 67 were fearful, 9 were happy, and 3 were sad. 12% of these responses were in the amygdala and these were all fear responses. |
| Lanteaume et al. | 2006 | Stimulation | Amygdala | Right amygdala induced negative emotions, especially fear and sadness. Left amygdala was able to induce either pleasant (happiness) or unpleasant (fear, anxiety, sadness) emotions. |
| Halgren et al. | 1978 | Stimulation | Amygdala, Hippocampus | Fear, sadness, anger. |
| Mazzola | 2009 | Stimulation | Insula | Fear, anxiety |
| Feindel and Penfield | 1954 | Stimulation | Insula | Fear |
| Ostrowsky et al. | 2002 | Stimulation | Temporal pole | Anxiety, sadness |
| Gordon et al. | 1996 | Stimulation | Temporal pole | Positive and negative emotions |
| Mullan et. al | 1959 | Stimulation | MTG, STG, Insula | Fear |
| Van Buren | 1961 | Stimulation | MTL | Fear, laughter |
| Fish et al. | 1993 | Stimulation | Amygdala, Hippocampus | Fear |
| Blomstedt et al. | 2008 | Stimulation | STN | Stimulation caused acute transient depression with crying and feeling of not wanting to live. |
| Benedetti et al. | 2004 | Stimulation | STN, zona incerta, substantia nigra pars reticulata | Zona incerta and the dorsal pole of the subthalamic nucleus produced autonomic responses that were constant over time. In contrast, the stimulation of the ventral pole of the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulate produced autonomic and emotional responses that were inconstant over time and varied according to the condition. |
| Tommasi et al. | 2008 | Stimulation | STN, substantia nigra, zona incerta, fields of forel | Stimulation caused acute transient depression. |
| Bejjani et. al | 1999 | Stimulation | Left substantia nigra | Stimulation caused acute transient depression with crying and feeling of hopelessness. |
| Okun et al. | 2004 | Stimulation | STN | All leads elicited pathological crying but one lead elicited fear, one elicited anxiety, and the rest had no emotion at all. |
| Brázdil et al. | 2009 | ERP | Medial and lateral temporal, medial and lateral PFC, posterior parietal, precuneus and insula | Unpleasant pictures elicited more activity in temporal and frontal regions. Significant findings to emotional stimuli were found in rarely investigated regions (posterior parietal, precuneus and insula). |
| Krolak-Salmon et al. | 2003 | ERP, Stimulation | anterior insula | Regions with differential potentials for disgust face perception also elicit negative valence experience during stimulation |
| Smith et al. | 2006 | Stimulation | cingulate, OFC, MTL, amygdala and insula | Negative responses were more associated with right-sided stimulation. Positive responses were found in each hemisphere (left ACC, right insula). |
| Vicente et al. | 2009 | Stimulation | STN | Lower levels of differentiating sad and fearful videos and less intense feelings towards negative valence videos. |
| Sabolek et al. | 2009 | Stimulation | STN, substantia nigra | Acute fear induced with right substantia nigra stimulation. Depressive feelings induced with caudal STN stimulation. |
| Burdick et al. | 2011 | Stimulation | STN, Globus pallidus interna, Vim | STN and GPi DBS were associated with higher anger scores. It was not confirmed if this was a lesion or a stimulation effect. |
Abbreviations: ACC, Anterior cingulate cortex; ERP, Event-related potentials; iEEG, Intracranial electroencephalography; ITL, Inferior temporal lobe; MTG, Middle temporal gyrus; MTL, Medial temporal lobe; PET, Positron emission tomography; PFC, Prefrontal cortex; OFC, Orbitofrontal cortex; SMA, Supplementary motor cortex; STG, Superior temporal gyrus; STN, Subthalamic nucleus; TPJ, Temporoparietal junction; Vim, Ventral intermediate nucleus; vmPFC, Ventral medial prefrontal cortex