Table 4.
Isolated motoric expression of emotion
| Study | Year | Type of study | Areas | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davis et al. | 2005 | Single unit | Caudal ACC | Attention-demanding stroop task involving emotional content can alter the firing rate |
| Mukamel et al. | 2010 | Single unit | SMA, MTL | Responsive firing for emotional face perception and execution |
| Chassagnon et al. | 2008 | Stimulation | Cingulate motor area | In one patient, the urge to laugh without mirth was elicited |
| Fried et. al | 1998 | Stimulation | SMA | The duration and intensity of the laughter increased with stimulation current. Smiling was induced at lower currents. The patient consistently contributed the laughter to some outside source. |
| Sperli et al. | 2006 | Stimulation | Right cingulate | Stimulation induced smiling and laughing without mirth. |
| Schmitt et al. | 2006 | Stimulation | SMA and pre-motor area | Laughter without mirth was elicited. |
| Bartolomei et al. | 2005 | iEEG | ACC, orbitofrontal, amygdala, temporal pole | Negative motoric expression preceding seizures located in ACC, Orbitofrontal, and Temporal Pole. These expressions also associated with signal decorrelation between orbitofrontal and amygdala. |
| Arroyo et al. | 1993 | Stimulation | ACC, parahippocampal, fusiform | Patient with gelastic seizures without mirth had onset at left ACC. Other patients elicited laughter with mirth when stimulated around the fusiform and parahippocampal gyri. |
| Krolak-Salmon et al. | 2006 | iEEG, Stimulation | SMA | Stimulation of left pre-SMA consistently got a smile or a laugh from the patient when stimulated (needed at least 0.6 mA at 50 Hz). The patient reported the mirth followed the movement. At .8mA, crying followed the laughter. The field potentials in this area responded mainly for happy faces. |
| Wojtecki et al. | 2007 | Stimulation | STN | Pathological crying |
| Low et al. | 2008 | Stimulation | Caudal internal capsule | Pathological crying |
| Hiyoshi et al. | 1989 | iEEG | Lateral and mesial temporal lobe | Disgust expression with mesial temporal focus and happy expression with lateral temporal focus. |
Abbreviations: ACC, Anterior cingulate cortex; iEEG, Intracranial electroencephalography; MTL, Medial temporal lobe; SMA, Supplementary motor cortex; STN, Subthalamic nucleus