Table 1.
Descriptive and psychometric variables of the depression group (rMDD) and the control group (HC) for the time points t1 and follow-up 6 months later (t2)
| Variable | Mean ± SD |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| rMDD | HC | ||
| n | 29 | 29 | |
| sex (female/male) | 20/9 | 21/8 | 0.842a |
| age (years) | 45.55 ± 7.45 | 44.24 ± 8.09 | 0.524b |
| education (CSE/high school diploma/A levels) | 4/7/18 | 2/8/19 | 0.684a |
| age of illness onset (years) | 23.14 ± 11.36 | ||
| number of depressive episodes | 3.96 ± 2.22 | ||
| previous inpatient treatment | 72% | ||
| current psychotropic medication | 24% | ||
| current psychotherapy | 28% | ||
| BDI II t1 | 10.14 ± 8.35 | 3.32 ± 4.04 | 0.001b |
| BDI II t2 | 10.83 ± 10.18 | 4.14 ± 6.37 | 0.002b |
| MADRS t1 | 5.83 ± 5.29 | 1.38 ± 2.44 | 0.001b |
| MADRS t2 | 7.62 ± 7.48 | 2.38 ± 5.32 | 0.002b |
| dep-score t1 (z) | 0.51 ± 1.11 | −0.46 ± 0.49 | 0.001b |
| dep-score t2 (z) | 0.35 ± 1.06 | −0.40 ± 0.70 | 0.002b |
| RRS-R t1 | 10.66 ± 3.59 | 8.69 ± 3.40 | 0.037b |
| RRS-R t2 | 10.52 ± 3.09 | 9.00 ± 3.17 | 0.070b |
| RRS-B t1 | 10.97 ± 3.96 | 8.07 ± 2.52 | 0.002b |
| RRS-B t2 | 10.72 ± 4.22 | 8.00 ± 3.01 | 0.006b |
| daily rumination (mean) | 1.36 ± 1.25 | 0.86 ± 0.90 | 0.083b |
| daily sadness (mean) | 0.95 ± 1.23 | 0.41 ± 0.71 | 0.075b |
aχ test
btwo sample t-test
CSE: Certificate of Secondary Education, 8 years
BDI II: Beck Depression Inventory revised, self-rated
MADRS: Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, rated by a trained clinical psychologist
dep-score: z-standardized sum score of the BDI II and MADRS scores
RRS, Ruminative Response Scale; R: reflection subscale, B: brooding subscale