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. 2014 Dec 1;5:654. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00654

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Copyright © 2014 Neuner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Digital image of shoots of Vaccinium myrtillus sampled in winter (17.1.2014) from below a thick snow cover before exposure to a controlled freezing treatment with a cooling rate of 3 K/h. (B–F) IDTA images show ice propagation in the stems occurring at temperatures between -3.2 and -3.5°C. Ice propagates unhindered throughout the whole shoot. (G–L) Single bud meristems froze independently at temperatures ranging from -18.2 and -22.0°C, which are significantly lower than the temperature at which ice was formation was initiated in the shoot. Freezing is visualized by a brightening in the image, while unfrozen areas remain black (Miller and Neuner, unpublished).