Fig. 1.

Modules added as inner problems to extend existing metabolic engineering algorithms. Figure demonstrates how FaceCon and ShadowCon modules are implemented within a metabolic engineering algorithm, in this example OptORF. All module variables (including fluxes) are completely independent of the metabolic engineering variables, with the exception of reaction deletions which are shared across all subproblems. By being modular, these constraints can be added to most FBA-centric approaches and can be mixed and matched to include additional strain design criteria.