Table 1. Baseline characteristics (n = 2,059).
| Mean ± SD or number (%) | |
| Age, year | 67±11 |
| Sex, male | 1288 (62.6) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.7±3.5 |
| Current smoker within 2 months | 300 (14.6) |
| Alcoholics | 77 (3.7) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Malignancy | 844 (41.0) |
| CHF | 85 (4.1) |
| General status | |
| Confused mentality | 35 (1.7) |
| Recent loss of body weight | 76 (3.7) |
| ASA physical status classification | 1.7±0.6 |
| 1 | 749 (36.4) |
| 2 | 1129 (54.8) |
| 3 | 166 (8.1) |
| 4 | 13 (0.6) |
| 5 | 2 (0.1) |
| Pulmonary Function Test, Laboratory and radiographic findings | |
| Airflow limitation | 613 (29.8) |
| Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.1±0.5 |
| Serum hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.0±1.9 |
| Active lesion on chest radiography | 210 (10.2) |
| Type of anesthesia | |
| General | 1769 (85.9) |
| Spinal | 230 (11.2) |
| Combined spinal and epidural | 46 (2.2) |
| Monitored anesthesia care | 14 (0.7) |
| Emergency surgery | 84 (4.1) |
| Surgical specialty | |
| Abdominal | 643 (31.2) |
| Upper abdominal | 254 (12.3) |
| Lower abdominal | 158 (7.7) |
| Laparoscopic abdominal | 231 (11.2) |
| Orthopedic and spinal | 418 (20.3) |
| Neurosurgery | 323 (15.7) |
| Gynecologic and urologic | 294 (14.3) |
| Head and neck | 120 (5.8) |
| Cardiac surgery | 63 (3.1) |
| Vascular | 56 (2.7) |
| Aortic aneurysm repair | 29 (1.4) |
| Others* | 113 (5.5) |
*included 49 endocrine, 35 eye and plastic, and 29 breast surgery.
SD, standard deviation; CHF, congestive heart failure; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.