Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into neuronal progenitors. (A): Bright-field images of small immature (Aa) and mature (Ab) hiPSC colonies grown on Matrigel-coated plates in mTeSR before mechanical disruption (Ac). (B): After mechanical disruption using a 23-gauge needle, clumps of cells were plated on Matrigel and grown in differentiation medium. Left, bright-field images of neuronal differentiation at 48 hours (Ba), 4 days (Bb), or 15 days (Bc) after induction; (Bd) at 48 hours after induction, differentiated cells expressing the Nestin neuronal marker (green) migrate out of the OCT4-positive hiPSC colony (red); (Be) neuronal precursors express NESTIN (green) and hiPSCs express OCT4 at day 4 after induction; after 15 days (Bf), OCT4 expression is barely detectable, and Nestin-positive neuronal precursors reach 90%–100% confluence. Abbreviations: d, days; h, hours.