Table 4.
Head Start and children’s outcomes
| Assignment Status (ITT) |
HS in Treatment vs. Specific Care in Control |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental | Relative/ Non-relative |
Other Center-based |
HS in Control |
|||
| Cognitive Outcomes | ||||||
| 3-year-old cohort | ||||||
| PPVT | 2003 Head Start | 0.19** | 0.30** | 0.19* | 0.18* | 0.19+ |
| 2004 Age 4 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.19* | 0.01 | 0.13 | |
| 2005 Kindergarten | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.11 | |
| 2006 First Grade | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.21* | |
| WJ-III Word | 2003 Head Start | 0.26** | 0.51** | 0.52** | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 2004 Age 4 | 0.11+ | 0.30** | 0.23* | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
| 2005 Kindergarten | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.18 | |
| 2006 First Grade | 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.14 | 0.03 | 0.18 | |
| WJ-III Applied | 2003 Head Start | 0.15** | 0.33** | 0.30** | −0.03 | 0.13 |
| 2004 Age 4 | 0.05 | 0.16* | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | |
| 2005 Kindergarten | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.12 | 0.05 | 0.11 | |
| 2006 First Grade | 0.07 | 0.16* | −0.16 | 0.04 | 0.15 | |
| 4-year-old cohort | ||||||
| PPVT | 2003 Head Start | 0.15** | 0.30** | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.22+ |
| 2004 Kindergarten | 0.08 | 0.19* | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.10 | |
| 2005 First Grade | 0.13* | 0.25** | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.22 | |
| WJ-III Word | 2003 Head Start | 0.24** | 0.46** | 0.72** | −0.02 | 0.17 |
| 2004 Kindergarten | 0.01 | 0.08 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.04 | |
| 2005 First Grade | 0.04 | 0.23* | −0.11 | −0.02 | −0.16 | |
| WJ-III Applied | 2003 Head Start | 0.14* | 0.36** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| 2004 Kindergarten | 0.02 | 0.25* | 0.12 | −0.09 | −0.09 | |
| 2005 First Grade | 0.07 | 0.30** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| Social-behavioral Outcomes | ||||||
| 3-year-old cohort | ||||||
| Social Skills & Approaches to Learning |
2003 Head Start | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.10 | −0.02 | 0.06 |
| 2004 Age 4 | 0.09 | 0.14+ | 0.23+ | 0.02 | 0.07 | |
| 2005 Kindergarten | 0.14* | 0.13+ | 0.02 | 0.34** | 0.21 | |
| 2006 First Grade | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.07 | |
| Aggressive | 2003 Head Start | −0.07 | −0.06 | −0.23* | −0.06 | 0.04 |
| 2004 Age 4 | −0.06 | −0.15* | −0.26* | −0.25* | 0.05 | |
| 2005 Kindergarten | −0.06 | −0.19* | −0.18+ | −0.04 | −0.09 | |
| 2006 First Grade | −0.03 | −0.15+ | −0.26* | −0.03 | −0.04 | |
| Hyperactive | 2003 Head Start | −0.23** | −0.35** | −0.26* | −0.18+ | −0.19 |
| 2004 Age 4 | −0.09 | −0.16* | −0.11 | −0.17+ | −0.08 | |
| 2005 Kindergarten | −0.14* | −0.16* | −0.27** | −0.19* | −0.13 | |
| 2006 First Grade | −0.09 | −0.16+ | −0.25* | −0.09 | 0.02 | |
| 4-year-old cohort | ||||||
| Social Skills & Approaches to Learning |
2003 Head Start | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.15 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
| 2004 Kindergarten | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.12 | −0.13 | |
| 2005 First Grade | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.14 | 0.04 | 0.06 | |
| Aggressive | 2003 Head Start | −0.10 | −0.14 | −0.44** | −0.14+ | 0.05 |
| 2004 Kindergarten | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.31* | 0.05 | 0.11 | |
| 2005 First Grade | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.38** | −0.06 | 0.25 | |
| Hyperactive | 2003 Head Start | −0.05 | −0.19* | −0.07 | −0.12 | 0.19+ |
| 2004 Kindergarten | 0.08 | −0.07 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
| 2005 First Grade | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.40* | 0.01 | 0.13 | |
Notes: effect sizes reported in table were from ITT and principal score matching models; raw regression coefficients with associated standard errors from ITT, TOT, OLS, IPW, and PSM models are presented in Table 5;
**
p<0.01,
*
p<0.05,
+
p<0.10;
Bold results indicate they passed the Benjamini-Hochberg tests for multiple comparisons with a 10 percent false discovery rate; strong evidence: estimate was significant at p<0.05 and held up after adjusting for false discovery; moderate evidence: estimate was significant at p<0.05 but did not hold up after adjusting for false discovery; suggestive evidence: estimate was marginally significant at p<0.10 and may or may not hold up after adjusting for false discovery.