Table 5.
Head Start and children’s outcomes: coefficients with standard errors
| Assignment Status |
HS in Treatment Group vs. Specific Care in Control Group |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental |
Relative/Non-relative |
Other Center-based |
HS in Control |
||||||||||||
| ITT | TOT | OLS | IPW | PSM | OLS | IPW | PSM | OLS | IPW | PSM | OLS | IPW | PSM | ||
| Cognitive Outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| 3-year-old cohort | |||||||||||||||
| PPVT | 2003 | 6.76** | 7.17** | 8.64** | 9.15** | 10.64** | 5.92+ | 5.73+ | 6.84* | 5.57* | 5.52* | 6.35* | 7.24+ | 7.16+ | 6.91+ |
| (1.70) | (1.83) | (2.32) | (2.35) | (2.36) | (3.46) | (3.45) | (3.48) | (2.64) | (2.65) | (2.69) | (3.91) | (3.89) | (3.93) | ||
| 2004 | 2.22 | 1.93 | 1.02 | 2.38 | 1.01 | 5.94 | 7.18* | 7.35* | −0.72 | −1.33 | 0.42 | 6.30 | 5.54 | 5.02 | |
| (1.83) | (1.93) | (2.52) | (2.46) | (2.52) | (3.63) | (3.38) | (3.38) | (2.88) | (2.87) | (3.14) | (4.16) | (4.08) | (3.88) | ||
| 2005 | 0.24 | −0.47 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.68 | −2.32 | −1.22 | 0.52 | 0.26 | −0.57 | 0.78 | 3.77 | 4.62 | 2.98 | |
| (1.43) | (1.59) | (2.20) | (2.10) | (2.20) | (2.40) | (2.35) | (2.65) | (2.43) | (2.55) | (2.39) | (3.14) | (3.00) | (2.79) | ||
| 2006 | 2.27 | 0.64 | −0.98 | −0.57 | 0.04 | −0.90 | 0.55 | 1.31 | 3.75 | 2.48 | 3.52 | 9.79** | 7.16* | 6.10* | |
| (1.48) | (1.66) | (2.62) | (2.44) | (2.47) | (2.51) | (2.59) | (2.74) | (2.29) | (2.25) | (2.15) | (3.09) | (2.90) | (2.75) | ||
| WJ-III Word | 2003 | 6.63** | 8.78** | 11.80** | 12.58** | 12.82** | 12.78** | 12.53** | 12.92** | 2.10 | 1.58 | 2.16 | 0.58 | 2.19 | −0.08 |
| (1.40) | (1.46) | (1.93) | (1.78) | (1.84) | (2.20) | (2.15) | (2.24) | (2.20) | (2.28) | (2.32) | (3.18) | (3.16) | (3.19) | ||
| 2004 | 3.02+ | 5.33** | 8.41** | 8.85** | 8.61** | 6.11+ | 7.65* | 6.62* | −0.34 | −0.81 | 0.80 | −0.10 | 0.67 | 0.98 | |
| (1.60) | (1.80) | (2.44) | (2.42) | (2.45) | (3.15) | (3.03) | (3.13) | (2.28) | (2.35) | (2.44) | (3.09) | (2.99) | (2.91) | ||
| 2005 | 0.04 | 0.48 | −0.42 | 0.70 | 0.00 | −0.51 | −0.66 | 0.31 | 1.80 | 2.04 | 3.03 | 5.07 | 5.86 | 5.85 | |
| (1.88) | (2.07) | (2.44) | (2.56) | (2.58) | (3.73) | (3.70) | (3.74) | (3.22) | (3.16) | (3.06) | (3.78) | (3.83) | (3.67) | ||
| 2006 | 0.49 | −1.01 | 0.01 | 0.69 | 1.81 | −7.57* | −5.69+ | −5.12 | 1.50 | 0.74 | 1.20 | 11.36* | 4.76 | 6.36 | |
| (2.13) | (2.30) | (2.99) | (3.07) | (3.00) | (3.41) | (3.37) | (3.67) | (3.53) | (3.58) | (3.64) | (4.60) | (4.48) | (4.14) | ||
| WJ-III Applied | 2003 | 4.37** | 5.36** | 8.28** | 9.06** | 9.51** | 8.53** | 7.83** | 8.59** | 0.22 | −0.76 | −0.76 | 4.53 | 5.21 | 3.83 |
| (1.60) | (1.69) | (2.15) | (2.27) | (2.22) | (2.69) | (2.35) | (2.74) | (2.73) | (2.58) | (2.59) | (3.55) | (3.49) | (3.56) | ||
| 2004 | 1.16 | 1.88 | 3.67* | 4.38* | 3.60* | 1.29 | 2.07 | 0.68 | −0.69 | −1.40 | 0.43 | 1.57 | −0.70 | 1.39 | |
| (1.25) | (1.30) | (1.71) | (1.75) | (1.71) | (2.07) | (2.06) | (2.19) | (1.86) | (1.91) | (2.04) | (3.36) | (2.92) | (2.88) | ||
| 2005 | −0.66 | −0.33 | 0.02 | 1.04 | 0.65 | −3.41+ | −2.72 | −2.51 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 3.64 | 2.90 | 2.35 | |
| (1.17) | (1.26) | (1.69) | (1.74) | (1.76) | (1.87) | (1.81) | (2.05) | (1.70) | (1.76) | (1.75) | (2.69) | (2.72) | (2.69) | ||
| 2006 | 1.52 | 1.21 | 3.02+ | 3.86* | 3.31* | −3.77+ | −2.73 | −3.28 | 1.22 | 1.05 | 0.72 | 5.67* | 2.34 | 3.11 | |
| (1.17) | (1.21) | (1.62) | (1.65) | (1.65) | (1.99) | (2.11) | (2.19) | (1.70) | (1.72) | (1.73) | (2.83) | (2.36) | (2.40) | ||
| 4-year-old cohort | |||||||||||||||
| PPVT | 2003 | 5.61** | 5.77** | 10.70** | 11.09** | 11.21** | 0.46 | 1.27 | 1.74 | 2.00 | 2.13 | 2.73 | 11.55* | 9.98* | 8.33+ |
| (1.84) | (1.92) | (2.41) | (2.37) | (2.46) | (3.69) | (3.54) | (4.13) | (2.78) | (2.70) | (2.79) | (4.78) | (4.44) | (4.90) | ||
| 2004 | 3.03 | 1.92 | 6.93* | 7.54* | 7.71* | −1.67 | −2.82 | −0.72 | −2.35 | −0.36 | −2.03 | 5.30 | 4.77 | 4.07 | |
| (2.11) | (2.39) | (3.09) | (3.17) | (3.06) | (4.50) | (3.99) | (4.24) | (3.10) | (3.10) | (3.11) | (5.21) | (5.06) | (4.85) | ||
| 2005 | 4.23* | 3.96* | 7.35** | 7.74** | 7.93** | −1.46 | −1.93 | 0.15 | 1.90 | 2.47 | 1.38 | 6.14 | 6.78 | 7.04 | |
| (1.73) | (2.00) | (2.69) | (2.77) | (2.84) | (4.57) | (4.12) | (4.06) | (2.56) | (2.46) | (2.61) | (4.27) | (4.40) | (4.54) | ||
| WJ-III Word | 2003 | 6.57** | 7.86** | 12.36** | 12.96** | 12.74** | 19.88** | 20.02** | 20.15** | −0.33 | 0.03 | −0.63 | 3.27 | 3.57 | 4.59 |
| (1.67) | (1.85) | (2.46) | (2.37) | (2.38) | (3.80) | (3.42) | (3.74) | (2.22) | (2.20) | (2.26) | (3.29) | (3.05) | (3.21) | ||
| 2004 | 0.19 | −0.80 | 1.55 | 0.78 | 2.64 | −1.41 | −1.47 | −0.69 | −3.01 | −1.78 | −1.55 | 1.80 | 1.97 | 1.28 | |
| (2.18) | (2.50) | (3.45) | (3.45) | (3.38) | (6.47) | (6.10) | (5.80) | (3.11) | (3.08) | (3.14) | (4.93) | (4.58) | (4.12) | ||
| 2005 | 1.48 | 1.73 | 5.55 | 6.15+ | 8.49* | −3.30 | −2.63 | −4.01 | −0.62 | −0.39 | −0.73 | −6.13 | −5.82 | −6.00 | |
| (2.32) | (2.63) | (3.57) | (3.53) | (4.09) | (5.90) | (5.44) | (5.37) | (3.31) | (3.25) | (3.44) | (4.85) | (4.69) | (4.53) | ||
| WJ-III Applied | 2003 | 3.69* | 4.65** | 9.91** | 10.29** | 9.32** | 0.80 | 1.10 | 0.90 | −0.32 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 1.51 | 0.59 | 1.93 |
| (1.55) | (1.75) | (2.62) | (2.59) | (2.56) | (2.99) | (2.81) | (2.93) | (2.14) | (2.18) | (2.17) | (3.25) | (3.05) | (3.24) | ||
| 2004 | 0.47 | 1.80 | 4.60 | 4.80+ | 5.14* | 3.04 | 3.31 | 2.55 | −2.42 | −1.26 | −1.77 | −1.85 | −2.87 | −1.79 | |
| (1.47) | (1.80) | (2.80) | (2.85) | (2.53) | (3.04) | (2.77) | (2.98) | (1.81) | (1.83) | (1.90) | (2.41) | (2.52) | (2.55) | ||
| 2005 | 1.30 | 2.07 | 4.73* | 4.82* | 5.95** | −0.37 | 0.07 | 0.72 | −0.35 | 0.21 | 0.15 | −0.55 | −0.42 | 0.32 | |
| (1.27) | (1.46) | (2.07) | (2.01) | (2.25) | (2.45) | (2.23) | (2.59) | (1.94) | (2.00) | (2.02) | (2.10) | (2.03) | (2.15) | ||
| Social-behavioral Outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| 3-year-old cohort | |||||||||||||||
| Social Skills & Approaches to Learning |
2003 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.18 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.23) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.18) | ||
| 2004 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.23+ | 0.24+ | 0.24+ | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.38+ | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.10 | −0.02 | 0.12 | |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.23) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.18) | (0.20) | (0.17) | (0.20) | (0.19) | (0.19) | ||
| 2005 | 0.24* | 0.22+ | 0.18 | 0.25+ | 0.23+ | −0.19 | −0.25 | 0.04 | 0.51* | 0.58* | 0.60** | 0.41+ | 0.36 | 0.37 | |
| (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.13) | (0.13) | (0.12) | (0.18) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.23) | (0.23) | (0.21) | (0.23) | (0.23) | (0.23) | ||
| 2006 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.12 | |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.15) | (0.14) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.23) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.18) | (0.16) | (0.18) | ||
| Aggressive | 2003 | −0.12 | −0.18 | −0.13 | −0.16 | −0.11 | −0.38+ | −0.41* | −0.40* | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.11 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.21) | (0.20) | (0.21) | ||
| 2004 | −0.10 | −0.31** | −0.27* | −0.30* | −0.27* | −0.26 | −0.33+ | −0.46* | −0.39* | −0.40* | −0.43* | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.08 | |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.13) | (0.20) | (0.19) | (0.20) | (0.19) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.19) | ||
| 2005 | −0.11 | −0.22+ | −0.32* | −0.35* | −0.35* | −0.24 | −0.30+ | −0.33+ | −0.05 | −0.12 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.10 | −0.16 | |
| (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.19) | (0.18) | (0.20) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.20) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.22) | ||
| 2006 | −0.05 | −0.14 | −0.24 | −0.30+ | −0.28+ | −0.39 | −0.39+ | −0.47* | 0.15 | 0.06 | −0.06 | 0.00 | −0.17 | −0.08 | |
| (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.15) | (0.25) | (0.23) | (0.23) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.20) | (0.21) | (0.20) | ||
| Hyperactive | 2003 | −0.35** | −0.38** | −0.50** | −0.51** | −0.55** | −0.38* | −0.35+ | −0.41* | −0.22 | −0.20 | −0.28+ | −0.34+ | −0.29 | −0.30 |
| (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.12) | (0.13) | (0.13) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.18) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.19) | ||
| 2004 | −0.13 | −0.19* | −0.23* | −0.26* | −0.24* | −0.12 | −0.16 | −0.17 | −0.20 | −0.21 | −0.25+ | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.12 | |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.11) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.15) | ||
| 2005 | −0.21* | −0.24* | −0.20+ | −0.25* | −0.24* | −0.23 | −0.26+ | −0.41** | −0.26+ | −0.33* | −0.29* | −0.18 | −0.17 | −0.20 | |
| (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.15) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.16) | (0.17) | (0.14) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.19) | ||
| 2006 | −0.14 | −0.17+ | −0.17 | −0.22 | −0.25+ | −0.37* | −0.35* | −0.39* | −0.06 | −0.11 | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | |
| (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.19) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.19) | ||
| 4-year-old cohort | |||||||||||||||
| Social Skills & Approaches to Learning |
2003 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.34+ | −0.24 | −0.25 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.24 |
| (0.11) | (0.13) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.25) | (0.24) | (0.26) | ||
| 2004 | 0.08 | 0.05 | −0.09 | −0.12 | −0.08 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.19 | −0.25 | −0.22 | −0.20 | |
| (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.13) | (0.30) | (0.29) | (0.28) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.17) | (0.17) | ||
| 2005 | 0.05 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.15 | −0.05 | −0.24 | −0.25 | −0.23 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.09 | |
| (0.10) | (0.12) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.24) | (0.20) | (0.19) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.22) | (0.21) | (0.23) | ||
| Aggressive | 2003 | −0.16 | −0.27* | −0.21 | −0.27 | −0.23 | −0.72** | −0.72** | −0.74** | −0.23 | −0.25+ | −0.24+ | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.09 |
| (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.16) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.20) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.25) | (0.24) | (0.25) | ||
| 2004 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.50+ | −0.53* | −0.52* | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.18 | |
| (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.30) | (0.27) | (0.26) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.27) | (0.26) | (0.25) | ||
| 2005 | −0.08 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.11 | −0.18 | −0.63* | −0.65** | −0.68** | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.10 | 0.63* | 0.50+ | 0.44 | |
| (0.12) | (0.13) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.26) | (0.25) | (0.24) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.27) | (0.26) | (0.28) | ||
| Hyperactive | 2003 | −0.07 | −0.19+ | −0.27+ | −0.28* | −0.28* | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.15 | −0.18 | 0.38* | 0.40* | 0.28+ |
| (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.14) | (0.13) | (0.13) | (0.18) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.16) | ||
| 2004 | 0.12 | 0.02 | −0.08 | −0.06 | −0.11 | 0.00 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.14 | |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.25) | (0.23) | (0.21) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.19) | ||
| 2005 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.41 | −0.49+ | −0.61* | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |
| (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.16) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.26) | (0.26) | (0.25) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.15) | (0.20) | (0.19) | (0.20) | ||
Notes: coefficients of Head Start with standard errors in parentheses reported in table;
**
p<0.01,
*
p<0.05,
+
p<0.10.