Table 2.

Associations between study covariates and markers of systemic inflammation.

	CRP	IL-6	TNF-α
Age (years)	0.09^**	0.16^**	0.07^**
Gender
Men	1.10 (1.04)	0.80 (1.03)^*	0.85 (1.02)
Women	1.34 (1.03)^**	0.74 (1.02)	0.82 (1.02)
Education (years)	−0.17^**	−0.12^**	−0.08^**
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)	0.42^**	0.26^**	0.11^**
Smoking Status^a
Never	1.13 (1.05)	0.70 (1.04)	0.85 (1.02)
Former	1.22 (1.04)	0.73 (1.03)	0.83 (1.02)
Current	1.43 (1.04)^**	0.84 (1.03)^*	0.83 (1.02)
Alcohol consumption^b
None	1.54 (1.05)^**	0.85 (1.05)^**	0.89 (1.02)^**
Moderate	1.12 (1.03)	0.70 (1.03)	0.80 (1.02)
Heavy	1.30 (1.07)	0.82 (1.05)^*	0.81 (1.03)
Physical Activity (METs/week)	−0.04	−0.02	0.01
Presence of CVD
Yes	1.73 (1.10)^**	1.01 (1.06)^**	1.00 (1.05)^**
No	1.23 (1.03)	0.75 (1.02)	0.82 (1.01)
Presence of diabetes
Yes	1.99 (1.10)^**	1.13 (1.08)^**	0.98 (1.06)^*
No	1.23 (1.03)	0.74 (1.02)	0.82 (1.01)
# of chronic diseases	0.11^**	0.14^**	0.10^**
Statin use
Yes	1.51 (1.09)^**	1.02 (1.06)^*	0.98 (1.04)^**
No	1.24 (1.03)	0.74 (1.02)	0.82 (1.01)
Anti-inflammatory use
Yes	1.89 (1.12)^**	0.97 (1.11)^*	0.86 (1.05)
No	1.23 (1.03)	0.75 (1.02)	0.83 (1.02)
Benzodiazepine use
Yes	1.59 (1.09)^*	0.95 (1.06)^*	0.89 (1.05)
No	1.24 (1.03)	0.75 (1.02)	0.82 (1.01)
Antidepressant use^c
None	1.18 (1.03)	0.73 (1.02)	0.83 (1.01)
SSRI	1.40 (1.07)^*	0.85 (1.04)^*	0.82 (1.03)
SNRI	1.37 (1.14)	0.93 (1.12)^*	0.79 (1.05)
TCA	2.43 (1.18)^**	0.91 (1.12)	1.04 (1.08)^*
Tetracyclic	2.48 (1.24)^**	1.05 (1.20)^*	0.82 (1.09)
Psychiatric Status^d
Never Diagnosed	1.14 (1.05)	0.73 (1.04)	0.83 (1.03)
Remitted	1.22 (1.05)	0.69 (1.04)	0.83 (1.03)
Current/Recent Depressive Disorder	1.30 (1.07)	0.78 (1.05)	0.84 (1.03)
Current/Recent Anxiety Disorder	1.30 (1.06)	0.79 (1.05)	0.80 (1.03)
Current/Recent Comorbid	1.37 (1.05)	0.80 (1.04)^*	0.86 (1.03)
Depressive & Anxiety Disorders

p<0.05

^**

p<0.001

To normalize distributions CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α values were natural log transformed; for interpretation purposes means are presented as back transformed. post hoc comparisons vs. ^anever smoked

moderate alcohol consumption

no antidepressant use

never diagnosed